Notes on the natural history of the Bell RockCampbell, J. M. (John MacLean)
History
Notes on the natural history of the Bell Rock
Campbell, J. M. (John MacLean)
Lighthouses -- Natural history; Natural history -- Scotland -- Bell Rock
With the exception of a few days, the weather this month has been
extremely favourable; indeed, for the greater part, summer-like--a
pleasant change from what we have experienced of late. The peculiar
white rubber-like folds of ribbon which have been adhering to the Rock
surface for the past two months, and which we erroneously supposed to
be the ova of some fish, turn out to be the spawn of the slugs I have
already described, and with which the Rock has been freely invested of
late--proof of which several have been seen in the act of extrusion.
These shell-less molluscs have been much in evidence this season; and
representatives of three distinct families are to be met with, namely,
the Onchidoridæ, Tritoniidæ, and Eolididæ. Cannibals, they attack
their own species without compunction, and devour each other’s spawn.
Darwin computed that some “ribbons” contained as many as six hundred
thousand eggs. The acorn barnacles which have escaped the voracity of
the white whelks have in some places attained a height of two inches.
On examination, each shelly casement is seen charged with spawn, which,
later on, will be liberated as free swimmers, totally unlike the parent
form, to enjoy a brief period of unrestricted freedom before settling
down on the Rock surface, or, for that matter, any immersed object that
comes handy, and ultimately assuming the adult form. The young swimmer,
feeling itself gradually becoming invested with a shelly covering,
casts about for a suitable site to pass the remainder of its existence.
Selecting the Rock surface, it attaches itself by its head, the antennæ
become cemented to the surface, the eyes remain in a rudimentary
form, the shelly plates which latterly form the door of its domicile
appear, a few more pairs of legs are developed, and by a series of
frequent moultings (like other crustaceans) arrives at the perfect
state. The bunches of “fingers” which we see this animal protrude and
withdraw when under water are in reality its feet, of which there are
twelve pairs, the rhythmic expansion and contraction of which induce
a current in the water attracting to its mouth the minute objects
upon which it feeds, thus giving rise to the saying that this animal
stands on its head and literally kicks its food into its mouth. In all
other crustacea the sexes are distinct, the barnacles alone having the
peculiarity of being bi-sexual, or having both sexes united in the same
individual. The general tendency throughout nature--the evolution from
a lower to a higher order, from the simple to the complex--appears in
the case of the barnacle to be reversed. Gifted in the initial stage
of its existence with all the functions of a free-swimming animal, and
possessing organs which ultimately become rudimentary, the final phase
in which all power of volition is lost, certainly does not appear one
of progression.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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