In Chapter 1, personhood was described as a process of living grounded in caring. In an effort to clarify the meaning of "a process" in the context of the theory of Nursing as Caring, we explained that personhood, understood as living grounded in caring, is processual--ongoing, experienced moment to moment, evolutionary, transformative--rather than a generalized sequence of steps or operations. In subsequent publications, personhood was described as "living grounded in caring," eliminating the problematic use of the term "process" entirely (Schoenhofer & Boykin, 1998a; Boykin & Schoenhofer, 2000). RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT OF THE FOUNDATIONAL CONCEPTS OF PERSON AS CARING AND PERSONHOOD Nursing as Caring guides nurses to enter into the world of the other and allows them to come to know the nursed as living caring uniquely in situation. In consulting with nurses using Nursing as Caring as their framework for practice, we found that nurses could easily recognize expressions of caring when caring was lived in ways familiar to their own lifeworlds. However, in nursing situations where personal ways of caring were outside the experience of the nurse, there seemed to be difficulties in knowing and thus affirming the nursed as person uniquely living caring in the moment. Without this situated knowing, we saw that nurses tended to lose the focus of recognizing the other as living caring uniquely in the moment, and instead, to concentrate on ways in which persons "were not living caring" and "should grow in caring." This tendency to return to a normative practice framework in difficult times is easily understood as nurses struggle to transcend a familiar paradigm characterized by terms such as "nursing process," "nursing diagnosis," "nursing intervention" and to evolve toward what has been called a simultaneity paradigm (Parse, 1987).