As the second stage advances, the patient may greatly aid the progress of labor by voluntarily bearing down during pains, and the nurse in turn may be called upon to help by encouraging her and explaining just what she should do. At the beginning of a pain the patient should take a deep breath, close her lips, brace her feet and strain with all her strength. If she opens her mouth and cries out, she fails to use her pains to the best advantage. The effect of this bearing down may be increased by providing the patient with straps, attached to the foot of the bed, upon which she may pull during the contractions, as she bears down. (Fig. 83.) Or, what is often a great comfort to her, she may pull upon the nurse’s hands as the latter braces herself so as to offer strong resistance. If the nurse can be spared from other duties to give this kind of assistance, it is indeed a comfort to the patient, who appears to derive from it both a moral and physical sense of being helped in her struggle. It is also important to assure the patient, between pains, that she is doing well, and that her efforts are advancing the baby, if this is true; and if not, she may under ordinary conditions be urged to make greater effort. [Illustration: FIG. 83.—Patient pulling on straps while bearing down during second stage pains. (From photograph taken at Johns Hopkins Hospital.) ] Before the head can be seen at the outlet or its advance noted by perineal bulging, the stage of its descent is often ascertained by palpating through the perineum, the fingers of a gloved hand pressing upward, on one side of the vulva. (Fig. 84. See Figs. 85, 86, 87, and 88 for appearance, advance and birth of head during normal delivery.) Immediately after the birth of the head, and before the birth of the body, the nurse is frequently asked to wipe the baby’s mouth and eyes and sometimes to drop nitrate of silver into the eyes. In such a case she should wipe out the mouth very gently with a bit of sterile gauze, wet with boric, wrapped about her little finger, reaching well back into the throat; the eyes should be wiped from the nose outward, a separate wipe being used for each eye. The purpose of these maneuvers, when they are employed, is to favor respiration from the beginning by removing mucus that might impede it and to remove possible infective material from the lashes before it is spread to the conjunctivæ by the baby’s winking. The silver solution is to destroy germs that may have gotten into the eye. [Illustration: FIG. 84.—Palpating through the perineum to ascertain the stage of descent of the baby’s head. (From photograph taken at Johns Hopkins Hospital.) ]