Another method is alternately to plunge the baby into tubs of hot and cold water. But as there is doubt about the wisdom of chilling the entire surface of the baby’s body, the cold plunge is forbidden by many doctors, who, instead, dash a little cold water upon the face and chest, while the body is immersed in water at about 110° F. [Illustration: FIG. 95.—Resuscitating the baby. (See also Fig. 94.) ] A widely used and efficacious method is to hold the baby continuously in a tub of water at about 110° F., and alternately extend and fold its body, thus keeping it warm while stimulating inspiration and expiration. (Figs. 96, 97.) Direct insufflation may be employed while the baby is in the warm water, by protecting its face with clean dry gauze and blowing directly into its mouth at intervals corresponding to those of normal inspiration. (Fig. 98.) [Illustration: FIG. 96. (See also Fig. 97.) FIGS. 96 AND 97 show method of resuscitating the baby by alternately extending and folding his body under warm water. (From photographs taken at Johns Hopkins Hospital.) ] Another procedure is to hold the baby by the shoulders, with its body hanging down, thus expanding the chest, and then to toss it quickly upwards, folding the legs upon the chest to compress it. This method is objected to by many obstetricians on the ground that it both exhausts and chills the baby. [Illustration: FIG. 97.—Resuscitating the baby. (See also Fig. 96.) ] The outstanding requirements in resuscitating a baby are to stimulate its respiratory movements, by alternately expanding and contracting the chest; to promote its circulation by keeping it warm, and to avoid exhausting the very frail little body. Gentle handling, therefore, is important. THIRD STAGE After the birth of the baby, some doctors request the nurse to rest one hand on the mother’s abdomen in order to feel the fundus as it rises while expelling the placenta, and to keep him informed concerning its consistency. Others regard this as a dangerous practice and forbid it. As a rule, there is little bleeding until the placenta has separated. If bleeding does occur, it is the practice of some doctors to have the uterus gently massaged through the abdominal wall, to stimulate contractions, while others consider this inadvisable. [Illustration: FIG. 98.—Stimulating respiration by means of direct insufflation, the baby’s face being covered with clean gauze. (From photograph taken at Johns Hopkins Hospital.) ]