=Pubiotomy=, or hebotomy, consists in sawing through the pubic bone on one side of the symphysis with a string or Gigli saw. This operation is performed in some cases of moderately contracted and funnel pelves, through which the normal expulsive forces of labor are unable to force the child. The separation of the bone allows it to gape, because of the hingelike movement of the sacro-iliac joint, and thus the superior strait is appreciably widened and the child may be delivered by high forceps or version. As the bone heals by fibrous union, there is sometimes permanent enlargement of the pelvis and there are seldom any unsatisfactory after-effects, such as impairment of locomotion. Pubiotomy is sometimes the operation decided upon when a patient is seen for the first time after labor is well advanced, and a conservative Cæsarean section is thought inadvisable because of the risk of infection. But the operation is becoming more and more rare, for the general practice of measuring the pelvis and supervising patients during pregnancy discloses serious disproportions early enough to make a Cæsarean section the elective operation. =Symphysiotomy.= This operation is a cutting through the cartilage of the symphysis pubis, instead of through the pubic bone, as in pubiotomy. It was formerly performed for much the same reasons that pubiotomy is now used, but has been practically abandoned since the development of the latter operation. The reasons for giving it up were that the close proximity of the bladder to the symphysis resulted in frequent injuries to that organ, and as the cartilage of the symphysis does not heal as well as the pubic bone, the patients frequently experienced difficulty in walking and showed a tendency to tire more easily after the operation than before it was performed. =Vaginal Hysterotomy=, or vaginal Cæsarean section, as it is sometimes called, consists of incising the cervix anteriorly and posteriorly, delivering the child and placenta and suturing the wounds. It is sometimes performed in cases which for some reason require immediate delivery, as in severe cases of eclampsia. It is only possible when the relation between the pelvis and the child’s head is such as to permit the child to pass through the inlet. It is rarely done in primiparæ, because rigidity of the outlet prevents proper exposure; or in multiparæ at term as the incisions have to be extended so high to deliver a term baby, that there is danger of tearing the lower uterine segment.