Dr. W. E. Musgrave gives dramatic accounts of the effect upon nursing babies of faulty nutrition among mothers in the Philippines, as follows: “Infant mortality in Manila,” he writes, “is greater than it is in any other city from which we have records. The underdeveloped and undernourished condition of the great masses of the Filipino people is due to a number of causes, the principal one being insufficient quantity and injudicious variety of foodstuffs employed. The cause of the enormous influence of the faulty nutrition of the mothers upon infant mortality directly and indirectly is one of the most important subjects within the scope of any investigation of this character. The mortality in breast-fed children is higher than it is among children artificially fed. This condition so far as we know is peculiar to the Philippines. The logical, and we believe, the correct explanation of this is the deficiency in quality and quantity of the mother’s milk. There are not in history more pathetic examples of unavailing self-sacrifice than are daily seen in our large clinics of poor, half-starved, undernourished mothers attempting to supply from their breasts food enough for one or more children, when their own metabolisms are in a starved condition. When asked the direct question as to the supply of foodstuffs these mothers almost invariably state that they have plenty to eat and the pathetic part of the story is that they believe that they are stating facts. These abnormal premises are the result of a peculiar unexplainable psychology that is of very wide application in this country that the administration of food is more to satisfy hunger than to produce flesh and blood, and that the cheapest way in which hunger may be satisfied produces a satisfactory form of existence.” It is generally agreed that the two big problems of babyhood are proper nutrition and the prevention of infection, but nutrition is perhaps the greater problem, since any form or degree of malnutrition lessens the baby’s powers to resist and to recover from infection. Whether breast-fed or bottle-fed, therefore, it is imperative that the baby be nourished in the complete sense of being given all of the food materials which are essential to normal growth, development and protection against disease. If the baby is artificially fed on milk that has been heated, his diet needs to be augmented by such protectives as cod-liver oil and orange juice, since the protective properties of milk are impaired by heating. If he is breast-fed, the mother will be able to supply to her baby the requisite nourishment and protective substances only if she, herself, is adequately nourished and in good condition.