=Urination= should be copious. The child is always wet, and frequent changes are necessary to keep the skin from getting raw and sore. Both bowels and bladder should be emptied within the first twenty-four hours. Failure to do so should be reported, as an imperforate anus or urethra may exist. Frequently a piece of ice whittled out like a lead pencil and passed into the rectum will stimulate urination. Catheterization is practically never necessary. The child _may_ go three days without injury, but the condition of the bladder above the pubes must be attentively watched and its degree of fullness appreciated by percussion. =Nursing.=—The child should be put to the breast twelve hours after birth and every three hours thereafter—no more and no less without definite reasons. If the child is strong and vigorous, only one feeding may be given at night, and even this may be omitted in some cases where the child gets an abundance of food. Six or seven feedings a day are enough. The child should stay at the breast from fifteen to twenty minutes, depending on its activity and the rapidity of the milk flow, and then be removed. It must not be permitted to sleep at the breast. [Illustration: Fig. 115.—Proper position of mother while nursing child. (Witkowski.)] Care must be used that the child gets the nipple _over_ the tongue and not under it. Many infants have to be taught to nurse. This may be due to a lack of strong animal instinct in many cases. There may be an abundance of milk and a good nipple, but the child will not learn to nurse without a vast expenditure of time, patience, and energy on the part of the nurse. Squeezing a little milk into the mouth or filling a nipple shield with milk will sometimes aid in educating the infant, or even starting the supply with a pump, as many nurses do, is advantageous. Certain drugs, like castor oil and turpentine, taken by the mother, may affect the taste of the milk, and be reason enough for the refusal of the child to take hold. Other drugs like mercury, arsenic, potassium iodide, and alcohol may go over in the milk to the nursing child. If the child is weak or premature, the milk must be pumped from the breast and fed to it until strength comes. The difficulty about this is the bad habit acquired, but there is no way to avoid it. A child should get at each feeding half an ounce of milk to each pound of weight. The capacity of the stomach at various months is given by Hirst as, first week, ½ oz.; second week, 2½ oz.; third and fourth week, 3 oz.; third month, 5 oz.; fifth month, 9 oz.; ninth month, 12½ oz. Holt says that the capacity at birth should be one ounce, and increase at the rate of an ounce a month up to the sixth month.