[47] ‘On voit que l’historien Grec donne indistinctement à cette place les noms de Βάτνη au singulier, et Βάτναι au pluriel ... La table de Peutinger donne le nom Batna. Ce qui m’a surtout frappé dans cette localité, ce sont les vastes carrières qui ont dû fournir à une exploitation considerable. Une grande partie des materiaux qui ont servi aux constructions d’Edesse en à sans doubte été tirée.’—‘Edesse et ses Monuments,’ par Ch. Texier, Membre de l’Institut, Paris, 1859. (S.) [48] ‘The ruins present the form of an acute triangle, having its base resting on the river, whilst its sides climb the acclivity of a conical hill, and terminate at its summit in a small Acropolis. It was defended by walls flanked by strong towers, which, as well as the public and private buildings, were all constructed of fine gypsum (which abounds along the Euphrates), and are as sharp and fresh as if they had recently been built.’—‘Narrative of the Euphrates Expedition,’ p. 247, by F. R. Chesney, London, 1868. 8vo. (L.) [49] Suri (now Surieh), a few miles west of Callinicum. (W.) [50] Is this the same as Tetrapyrgia, where St. Sergius was buried? (W.) [51] Barbalissus (now Kala), at Balis, on the Euphrates. See Ant. Mart., ‘Itin.,’ xlvii. (W.) [52] On the Euphrates, now probably Jerablûs, supposed by some to be the site of Carchemish. (W.) [53] Hierapolis (Bambych), formerly the capital of Euphratesia, on west of Euphrates, between Antioch and Edessa. ‘Has no records of its ancient greatness but its walls, which may be traced all round; cannot be less than three miles in compass ... with towers of large square stone, extremely well built. A deep pit of about 100 yards diameter seemed to have had great buildings all round it, with the pillars and ruins of which it is now in part filled up, but not so much but that there was still water in it. Here are a multitude of subterraneous aqueducts brought to this city. You can ride nowhere about the city without seeing them.’—Maundrell’s ‘Journey from Aleppo to Euphrates,’ Bohn’s edition, 8vo., p. 507, 1848. (L.) Hierapolis (Bambij, or Membij). The whole place is now a mass of ruin, but the outlines of a theatre and stadium can be traced. The lake is now represented by a deep circular pool, said to be always full of water. There are several springs in the ruins, and water was also supplied by ‘Kariz,’ or underground channels. Formerly a centre of great commercial importance; our word ‘bombazine’ comes from Bambya. (W. MS. notes, 1881.) [54] Zeugma, on the right bank of the Euphrates, opposite Biredjik. (W.)