[44] _United States Statutes at Large_, Vol. III, p. 332. John Jacob Astor of the American Fur Company has received the credit for the passage of this law.--Folwell's _Minnesota_, p. 54; Coman's _Economic Beginnings of the Far West_, Vol. I, pp. 344, 345. This is neglecting the fact that there was a unanimous outcry against foreign traders--one of the signs that the War of 1812 marks the rise of American nationality. The legislation of April 29, 1816, was not wholly satisfactory to Astor. "I have seen a letter", wrote William H. Puthuff, Indian agent at Mackinac, "addressed by J. J. Astor to a Mr. Franks a British trader now at this place in which Mr. Astor expresses surprise and regret at the passage of a law forbidding British subjects from trading with Indians, within the American limits etc."--_Wisconsin Historical Collections_, Vol. XIX, p. 423. What Mr. Astor wanted was the prohibition of trade by American private citizens as well as by British private citizens. If his American Fur Company were given a monopoly as he desired, he also wanted to be free to employ such persons--American or British--as he needed. [45] Or, more correctly from the point where a north and south line drawn through the most northwestern point of the Lake of the Woods would intersect this parallel.--_Treaties and Conventions concluded between the United States of America and other powers since July 4, 1776_, p. 416. [46] _Treaties and Conventions concluded between the United States of America and other powers since July 4, 1776_, p. 377. [47] Coues's _The Expeditions of Zebulon M. Pike_, Vol. I, p. 279. [48] _Niles' Register_, Vol. XIV, pp. 387-389. [49] There is an excellent account of the United States trading house system in Quaife's _Chicago and the Old Northwest, 1673-1835_, pp. 289-309. [50] Coues's _The Expeditions of Zebulon M. Pike_, Vol. I, p. 228. [51] _American State Papers, Indian Affairs_, Vol. II, p. 6. [52] _Wisconsin Historical Collections_, Vol. XX, p. 39. CHAPTER II [53] For the erection of these posts see Quaife's _Chicago and the Old Northwest, 1673-1835_, p. 265; Thwaites's _Wisconsin_, pp. 180-182; Gue's _History of Iowa_, Vol. I, pp. 137, 138. [54] _American State Papers, Military Affairs_, Vol. I, p. 669. [55] Major Long's journal is printed in the _Minnesota Historical Collections_, Vol. II, pp. 9-88. [56] _Niles' Register_, Vol. XIV, p. 192. [57] _American State Papers, Military Affairs_, Vol. I, p. 779. [58] Neill's _The History of Minnesota_ (Fourth Edition), p. 319. [59] _American State Papers, Military Affairs_, Vol. II, p. 32.