In a few spots near the northwest end of the marsh the accumulated cases of a species of Caddice worm are found. Northeast of the marsh the surface slopes gradually upward to where the remains of an ancient sea beach are to be seen, stretching to the south and east to where the Colorado River cuts through on its way to the Gulf of California. Behind the beach extends a mesa to the foot of the San Bernardino range. Across this mesa are evidences of heavy floods coming down the cañons of the back range, carrying large quantities of debris with them, mostly bowlders of mica schists and granitoid rocks, with some quartz intermixed. On the west side of the marsh the surface has but little elevation until the granitic bluffs of the San Jacinto range are reached. These bluffs are coated for a distance of about 25 feet above the plain with a sponge-shaped incrustation from 2 to 3 inches thick, consisting largely of carbonate of lime, chloride of sodium, sand, clay, and oxide of iron; under the glass some of the pores are seen to contain minute shells of the same varieties as found on the sand of the plain. Where arroyos have been cut through the sands of the plains to the depth of several feet, the exposed sections show a stratified arrangement of the sand, having between the layers a thin division of the same varieties of shells as found on the surface, the whole resting on a firm clay bottom. From the position and regularity, as well as the quantity of these shells, on top of the different strata of sand, while but few are seen scattered through the sand layers, a periodicity of the conditions favorable to their existence and growth, as well as a comparatively sudden cessation of the same, must be inferred. These conditions mean an occasional flooding of the depression for a period of time, during which a shallow body of water was maintained, which evaporated as soon as the water supply was shut off. In what manner this can occur will be shown later on. The plain supports a scant growth of desert shrubs, with some mesquite bushes in the vicinity of the few springs that are found scattered over the desert, most of which are saline. The presence of the extensive line of sea beach proves that at some time the gulf has extended much farther inland than at present, covering the whole of this depression. The Colorado River, in its course south to the ocean, built up a flood plain on a higher level that finally shut off the western part from a direct communication with the sea, and evaporation, with a gradual uplifting of this whole section, finally laid it bare, although leaving a great part of it still below the present sea-level. Under these conditions, whenever more water comes down the river than its banks can contain, the silt-formed shores give way to the increased pressure and permit the excess of water to flow to, and gather in, what is termed the river swamp at the back of the flood