Four miles northeast of the Black Hawk Mines, lying down on the desert, is a formation of limestone and quartzite, resting on a massive crystalline rock, containing quartz, feldspar, biotite-mica, and hornblende. This reef extends from the mouth of Texas Cañon out upon the plain, sloping downward at an angle of approximately 5° for a distance of 4 miles, where it terminates in a bluff 40 to 100 feet in height. Along the entire eastern edge of this deposit it drops off abruptly as though sharply eroded. At the northern end the reef is faced by a low range of hills composed of the above-mentioned hornblende rock. From this point it swings west and with irregular outline extends for 5 or 6 miles toward Rabbit Springs. The entire area, fully 25 square miles, is cut by gulches varying from 20 to 150 feet or more in depth, that have been eroded through the strata and down into the underlying crystalline rocks. These cañons seem to have resulted from natural drainage, being started by slight depressions in the rolling plateau of limestone. On the extreme northern edge at one point, hills of considerable size have been formed by the folding and tilting of the strata. The limestone has been subjected to violent compression, as the whole area is faulted and broken into millions of fragments. I have examined not less than twenty mining claims on the reef and traveled over the greater part of its area, and am sure I never saw a single piece of limestone that would weigh 300 pounds, most of the pieces measuring under 6 or 8 inches. Considerable masses along certain zones have been granulated, and even pulverized. This fractured rock has all since been loosely cemented by the infiltration of carbonate of lime into the seams. Geologists who have examined this peculiar deposit do not agree entirely upon its mode of formation. Some believe it to be the result of chemical precipitation of carbonate of lime from calcareous springs, similar to the Formation Springs in the Yellowstone Park. There are many things about Silver Reef which would at once suggest the probability of this mode of deposit, but I am very doubtful that such a theory will stand a thorough investigation. It was asserted that at one time a shaft sunk in the reef passed through the lime deposit and into the “wash” of the desert beneath. On investigation I found that the lime had indeed been cut through, but the underlying rock proved to be crystalline hornblende rock in place, though somewhat decomposed. At any rate it was not desert “wash.” Over considerable areas the lime is underlaid by a stratum of quartzite of variable thickness, less than a foot in some places, and again in others 10 or 12 feet. Over certain limited areas quartzite is wanting altogether. The lime is mostly crystalline, varying in color. A small portion is as white as snow, the greater part is gray or bluish, and some of it black. THE ORE DEPOSITS.