[Illustration: FIG. 37.—Athletic Scenes from a Sixth-century B. C. Panathenaic Amphora. Stadiodromoi (left) and Dolichodromoi (right).] Pausanias dates the introduction of the double foot-race at Olympia in Ol. 14 (= 724 B. C.).[1408] He does not say when the long race was instituted, but Eusebios says that it was in Ol. 15 (= 720 B. C.).[1409] The boys’ stade-race was introduced there in Ol. 37 (= 632 B. C.).[1410] The hoplite-race was inaugurated at the end of the sixth century B. C., in Ol. 65 (= 520 B. C.).[1411] Pausanias mentions 24 _stadiodromoi_ at Olympia, who won 32 victories, which makes this event third in importance, next after boxing and wrestling. He mentions 7 victors in the double race with 11 victories, and 5 victors in the long race with 8 victories. He also mentions 12 hoplite victors with 14 victories. Consequently, in all four running events there, he records 48 victors with 65 victories, which brings the running races only to second place in importance at Olympia, ranking next after boxing.[1412] The ordinary sprinter or _stadiodromos_, and the double sprinter, _diaulodromos_ or _hoplitodromos_, naturally ran differently from the endurance runner or _dolichodromos_. Panathenaic vases clearly show this difference. Thus while the sprinter swung his arms violently, spreading the fingers apart and touching the ground only with his toes[1413] (Figs. 36A and 37, left), the endurance runner, who had to conserve his strength to the last, ran with a long stride, holding his arms bent at the elbow and close to the body, his fists doubled and his body slightly bent forward, its weight resting on the ball of the foot, the heel being raised only a little. Thus Philostratos says that the _dolichodromoi_ ran with their hands extended and with their fists balled, but that at the finish they also swung their arms violently like wings.[1414] The race (showing balled fists) is seen on a Panathenaic amphora dating from the archonship of Nikeratos (333 B. C.), now in the British Museum, and on another of the sixth century B. C., pictured in Fig. 37 (right).[1415] In the _diaulos_ the movement was less violent. Thus on an Athens vase inscribed, “I am a diaulos runner,”[1416] the movement is between that of a sprinter and an endurance runner. It seems probable that this difference in the style of running was similarly shown in sculpture.[1417] We shall next consider certain sculptural monuments which represent runners.