After giving a table which shows the result of each kind of amputation in the two periods, he adds, “It is plain from the above table that since the employment of chloroform there has been a diminution of mortality; thus in amputations of the thigh for disease there has been 5 per cent. less death, while after accidents 17 per cent. have been restored to health, who formerly would have perished. In the pathological amputations of the leg there is a difference of 8 per cent. in favour of chloroform; and while one out of three died after the removal of the forearm for accidents in the former series of cases, no death had occurred out of eight in the latter. The only exceptions are to be found in the traumatic amputations of the leg, and in the pathological amputations of the arm. In the former there is an excess of deaths since the introduction of chloroform amounting to 5 per cent.; and in the latter, the cases, being only two in number, do not warrant us in drawing any deduction from them.” Dr. Fenwick found that the mortality from lithotomy had been greater since the introduction of chloroform than before, but that the increase was confined to the cases occurring in adults; and he justly attributes this to the fact of the more favourable cases having been operated on by lithotrity. He says, “However paradoxical it may appear, I believe that as surgery improves the general average of mortality, both after amputations and lithotomy, will increase; in the former, from the operation being confined more and more to those suffering from accidents, and in the latter, from those with a healthy condition of the kidneys and bladder being selected for the action of the lithotrite, and the worst cases only submitting to the knife.” Dr. Fenwick gives a table showing the causes of death in the fatal cases of lithotomy before the use of chloroform and afterwards, by which it is seen that, in the latter set of cases, a larger proportion of the patients had been afflicted with organic disease, in addition to the stone. He says:—“This table shows that the relative proportion of deaths arising from the operation in healthy persons has diminished since the use of chloroform, 58 per cent. having died in the former, and only 47 per cent. in the latter.” Dr. Fenwick inquires into the result of a considerable number of operations in the Newcastle Infirmary, before and after the use of chloroform, in addition to those mentioned above; and gives the following summary towards the end of his paper.[145] “We find that there has been a decrease in mortality since the introduction of chloroform in the following operations:—