Dyes obtained from aniline, i. 122-124 vegetable dyes, i. 124 mordants for cotton when dyed, i. 125 effects of electricity and the east wind on the process of dyeing, i. 126 obtained from preparations of petroleum, i. 127 obtained from lichens, i. 303 blue dye obtained from some club mosses, i. 374 E Ear-shell, structure of the, ii. 234 Earth, quantity of heat which would be generated if it were arrested in its orbit, i. 27 and if it struck the sun, i. 28 Earth light, causes of, i. 68 Earth-worm, structure and food of the, ii. 151, 152 Echinodermata asteroïdea, structure, mode of reproduction, and habitat of, ii. 169-174 Echinodermata crinoïdea, or stone-lilies, structure, habitat, and mode of reproduction of, ii. 175, 176 fossil remains of, ii. 175 Echinodermata Echinoïdea, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. 177-182 Echinodermata: fossil Echinidæ, ii. 182, 183 Echinodermata Holothuroïdea, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. 183 Echinodermata Sipunculidæ, characters of, ii. 186, 187 Echinodermata Synaptidæ, characters of the order of, ii. 184, 185 Echinus, structure of, ii. 176, 177 Echinus miliaris, spines of the, ii. 181 Ecklonia, structure and habitat of, i. 252 Ecklonia buccinalis, structure of, i. 250 Ectocarpeæ, form, structure, and habitat of, i. 244, 245 Ectocarpus pulsillus, fruit of, i. 245 Effusion of gases by pressure, i. 109, 110 Prof. Graham’s experiments, i. 113