Vegetation, i. 167 effects of light and heat on, i. 168, 169 the primordial cell, the universal framework or skeleton of the vegetable world, i. 170, 172 formation of cellular tissue, i. 171, 173 fibro-vascular bundles constituting the wood of trees, i. 173 the vascular ducts, i. 73 the pitted tissue, i. 174 the woody fibre, i. 174 sclerogen, i. 175 the laticiferous vessels, or vasa propria, i. 176, 177 seeds and spores, i. 177 cycles of existence in the vegetable world, i. 178, 186 variation of marine vegetation, horizontally and vertically with the depth, i. 258 instance of mechanical power exerted by vegetable matter, i. 269 seeds brought to Europe by the great Atlantic currents, i. 355 gradual changes of structure from the lowest to the highest cryptogamic forms, i. 375 reproduction and fructification, i. 376, 377 general structure of flowering plants, i. 378 calyx and corolla, i. 378 stamens and pollen, i. 379 pistil, ovary, and style, i. 380 fructification, i. 381 monocotyledonous, or endogenous plants, their structure, growth, and reproduction, i. 383 the earliest dawn of plant life, as shown in the colourless protoplasm of the grasses, i. 387 bulbous plants, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 388 orchids, their structure and fructification, i. 389 dicotyledonous, or exogenous plants, i. 404-428 seeds, i. 404 stems, i. 405 stomata, i. 405, 406 bark, i. 406, 407 cambium, i. 407 wood, i. 408 roots, i. 409 leaves, i. 410 buds, spines, and hairs, i. 411 protoplasm, i. 412 chemical elements of vegetable matter, i. 413 sap and sap motion, i. 415-417 inhalation and exhalation of oxygen, i. 416, 417 latex, i. 417 milk vessels, i. 418 chemical functions, i. 419 cellulose, i. 419, 420 starch, i. 420 diastase and dextrine, i. 420, 421 sclerogen, or colouring matter of wood, i. 421 sugar, i. 421 oils, resins, and wax, i. 422, 423 albumen, fibrin, and casein, i. 423 raphides, i. 424 milk sap, i. 425 poisons, i. 425, 426 food and other purposes, i. 426 alkaloids, chemical structure of, i. 427 colouring matter of flowers, chemical nature of, i. 428, 429 water secreted by plants night and morning, i. 429 electricity developed by plants and flowers, i. 430 irritability of the tissues of plants, i. 430 light the most universal and important exciting cause in the vegetable world, i. 431 Velella spirans, structure and modes of locomotion and reproduction of, ii. 114-116 food of, ii. 116 habitat of, ii. 117 Velellidæ, characters of the order, ii. 111, 114 Venus, the planet, spectrum of, i. 158, 162 Veratrum album, or white hellebore, poisonous alkaloid of, i. 427