On Sameness and Identity: A Psychological Study: Being a Contribution to the Foundations of a Theory of KnowledgeFullerton, George Stuart
Philosophy
On Sameness and Identity: A Psychological Study: Being a Contribution to the Foundations of a Theory of Knowledge
Fullerton, George Stuart
Knowledge, Theory of
It is possible that some one may wish to find a way out of this
difficulty by distinguishing, as Clifford has done, between the
_points_ of the line and the _parts_ of the line. But this distinction
is of no service. All these points are declared to be on the line, and
anything that passes over the whole line must exhaust them one by one
until it arrives at the final point. By hypothesis, there is no final
point to the series--the series is without any end. Unless, then, the
line can be passed over without passing over the points, there would
seem to be no help in turning to line pieces. Moreover, it appears
reasonable to assume that there are as many parts to the line as there
are points. For all these points are on the line, and no two of them
are in precisely the same position on the line; they must consequently
be on different parts of the line. If it be objected that, having no
extension, they cannot properly be said to be _on_ parts of the line, I
answer that, even on this hypothesis, they must be _at_ different parts
of the line, in order to be distinguished from each other. The part of
the line between any two of them is certainly not the same as the part
between any other two. It follows that the number of parts of which the
line is made up is at least as great as the number of points less one,
if we refuse to say that the points are on the line; and is as great
as the number of points, if we are willing to say that they are on the
line. To move over the whole line, then, a point must come within one
term of the end of an endless series, or it must pass over an endless
number of small pieces of line until it comes to the very end. Does
this seem a sensible doctrine?
The rival doctrine, sometimes called the Berkeleyan, contains no
such difficulties, and it makes evident that the difficulties
discussed above arise simply out of a confusion of samenesses, and
are gratuitous. Its discussion demands that I call to mind a few
distinctions already made.
One must bear in mind, in the first place, that a line immediately
known, existing in consciousness, is the same with an "external" line
corresponding to it, not in sense first, but in sense seventh. That is,
they are two lines, not one, and in the interests of clearness they
should be considered separately.
One should remember, in the second place, that a line in consciousness
at one moment is not, in the strictest sense, the same with a line in
consciousness at another moment. One may stand for the other and thus
be the same with it in sense fifth; or the two may be regarded as both
belonging to the one series of experiences, which, taken together,
represent to us "an object," in which case they are the same in sense
third. A thing the same with another thing in either of these senses
is not necessarily much like it. It must only be able to serve as its
representative.
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