On Sameness and Identity: A Psychological Study: Being a Contribution to the Foundations of a Theory of KnowledgeFullerton, George Stuart
Philosophy
On Sameness and Identity: A Psychological Study: Being a Contribution to the Foundations of a Theory of Knowledge
Fullerton, George Stuart
Knowledge, Theory of
We may, then, have a series of experiences, beginning with one in
which two objects are recognized as similar and yet are very clearly
distinguished as two objects, continued in others in which the sense
of duality falls more and more into the background, and ending in
one in which there is no consciousness of duality at all. The last
of these experiences is not wholly different from the others. There
is in it no experience of similarity in so far as this word is used
to express identity in difference, or a relation between two. There
can be no such relation unless there are two, and here there are not
two. But it should be marked that this experience differs from the
others, not in the element which has led us to declare two objects
similar--the element which they have in common--but in that which has
led us to declare them two and different. It is by adding to this last
experience, so to speak, that we get the others. They contain it and
more. Usage will not allow us to apply the term similarity in speaking
of an experience in which two things are not distinguished, and this is
proper enough; but it should never be forgotten that this experience is
at the bottom of all our experiences of similarity--is, so to speak,
their common core. When, therefore, I said some pages back that all
the kinds of sameness under discussion contain the idea of similarity,
I was using the word in a certain broad sense to indicate that which
is the ground of all our experiences of similarity, and is also found
in the first kind of sameness on the list. I preferred to use there
the word similarity, because it was easy to show that this notion is
really contained in six of the seven uses of the word same, and it was
convenient afterward to show the connection between the first kind of
sameness and the notion of similarity.
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