[158] As illustrating this I may refer to G. v. Giźycki, Philosophische Consequenzen der Lamarck-Darwin'schen Entwicklungstheorie (1876), p. 27: "Wir haben oben die Erhaltung und Förderung des Lebens des Individuums und der Gattung als das eine Ziel der Einrichtung des geistigen Organismus gekennzeichnet." P. 58: "Auf das Streben nach in sich befriedigtem psychischen Leben [that is to say, pleasure] sind alle animalen Organismen angelegt." In his popular essay, 'Grundzüge der Moral' (1883), Dr Giźycki's principle and method are utilitarian. With the above may be compared Guyau, Esquisse d'une morale sans obligation ni sanction (1885), p. 15: "L'action sort naturellement du fonctionnement de la vie, en grande partie inconscient; elle entre aussitôt dans le domaine de la conscience et de la jouissance, mais elle n'en vient pas. La tendance de l'être à persévérer dans l'être est le fond de tout désir sans constituer elle-même un désir déterminé." [159] Spencer, Data of Ethics, p. 82 f; Principles of Psychology, § 125, 3d ed., i. 280; Stephen, Science of Ethics, p. 83. The simplicity of this argument will be appreciated if we consider the difficulty Comte experienced in trying to reach a similar conclusion. See Positive Philosophy, Miss Martineau's translation, ii. 87 ff. [160] Cf. Phänomenologie des sittlichen Bewusstseins, pp. 701, 708. [161] Cf. Sidgwick, Methods of Ethics, 3d ed., p. 127. [162] Data of Ethics, p. 26. [163] Cf. Vaihinger, Hartmann, Dühring und Lange (1876), p. 124. [164] Cf. Sully, Pessimism, p. 216. [165] See above, p. 167 f. [166] Cf. Fiske, Outlines of Cosmic Philosophy (1874), ii. 332 f. [167] "Imitation," according to Kant (Grundlegung zur Met. d. Sitten, Werke, iv. 257), "has no place at all in morals;" and this is true if the naked law of duty--or respect for it--is the sole ethical motive. But if morality consists in the attainment of an ideal which is being gradually realised in man, moral value will not be denied to the motive which leads the individual to fashion his own nature after that in which morality has attained more complete realisation. [168] See the concluding pages of this chapter. [169] Philosophie des Unbewussten, 6th ed., p. 660 ff. [170] Cf. Sully, Pessimism, p. 226 n. [171] Cf. J. Ward, Journal of Speculative Philosophy, xvi. (1882), 377. [172] Phil. d. Unbewussten, p. 747.