[191] Taking evolution in its widest sense, since the theory of evolution does not "imply some intrinsic proclivity in every species towards a higher form."--Spencer, First Principles, App. p. 574; Principles of Sociology, i. 106. [192] Spencer, Principles of Biology, i. 73. [193] Ibid., i. 82. [194] Reden (1876), ii. 332. [195] Social Statics (1850), p. 77. [196] Data of Ethics, p. 25. [197] Data of Ethics, p. 16. [198] Ibid., p. 71. [199] See above, chap. vi. p. 137 ff. [200] Zeller, Phil. d. Griechen, 3d ed., III. i. 454, 470. [201] Lassalle's tirade against the "verdammte Bedürfnisslosigkeit" of the German workman is a case in point. [202] Lange, Gesch. d. Materialismus, 2d ed., ii. 458. [203] Spencer, First Principles, p. 490. [204] An aspect of Mr Spencer's ethical theory which will be considered in the sequel: p. 228 ff. [205] Cf. A. Barratt, Physical Ethics, p. 294, where morality is placed in "reasonable obedience to the physical laws of nature." [206] Data of Ethics, p. 148. [207] Social Statics, quoted in Data of Ethics, p. 271. [208] Data of Ethics, p. 279. [209] Ibid., p. 275. [210] Data of Ethics, p. 7. [211] Ibid., p. 281. [212] These are examined by Mr F. W. Maitland, in an incisive criticism of "Mr H. Spencer's Theory of Society," Mind, viii. 354 ff., 506 ff. [213] Data of Ethics, p. 282. [214] Ibid., p. 283. [215] First Principles, p. 517. [216] Spencer, Psychology, § 212, i. 478. [217] First Principles, p. 489. [218] "A complete equilibrium of the aggregate is without life, and a moving equilibrium of the aggregate is living."--Principles of Sociology, i. 106. [219] Data of Ethics, p. 254. [220] Spencer, Data of Ethics, p. 26. [221] Darwin, Origin of Species (1859), pp. 43, 131, 466. [222] Spencer, Biology, i. 257. [223] First Principles, p. 404 f. [224] Cf. Clifford, Lectures and Essays, i. 101. [225] Descent of Man, 2d ed., p. 137, cf. pp. 198, 618; cf. A. R. Wallace, Contributions (1870), p. 330. [226] Vierteljahrsschrift f. wiss. Phil., i. (1877), 543 ff. [227] Rolph, Biol. Probl., p. 33. [228] Darwin, Origin of Species, p. 336. [229] Thus Darwin, Descent of Man, p. 51, speaking of the "advantage to man" it must have been "to become a biped," says: "The hands and arms could hardly have become perfect enough to have manufactured weapons, or to have hurled stones and spears with a true aim, as long as they were habitually used for locomotion and for supporting the whole weight of the body; or, as before remarked, as long as they were especially fitted for climbing trees." The hands had to lose their dexterity for the latter purposes before they could acquire the more delicate adjustments necessary for skill in the former. The transition was of course a gradual one; but the initial variations required would seem to have been at first unfavourable to man's chances in the struggle for existence, though it was through them that he rose to his place at the summit of the organic scale.