"Twelve _yojanas_ above the (Vimâna) Sarvârtha is the place called Îshatpragbhâra, which has the form of an umbrella; (there the perfected souls go). It is forty-five hundred thousand _yojanas_ long, and as many broad, and it is somewhat more than three times as many in circumference. Its thickness is eight _yojanas_, it is greatest in the middle, and decreases towards the margin, till it is thinner than the wing of a fly. This place, by nature pure, consisting of white gold, resembles in form an open umbrella, as has been said by the best of Jinas. "(Above it) is a pure blessed place (called Śîtâ), which is white like a conch-shell, the _anka_-stone, and Kunda-flowers; [Footnote: The gourd Lagenaria vulgaris.] a _yojana_ thence is the end of the world. The perfected souls penetrate the sixth part of the uppermost _krośa_ of the (above-mentioned) _yojana_. There, at the top of the world reside the blessed perfected souls, rid of all transmigration, and arrived at the excellent state of perfection. The dimension of a perfected soul is two-thirds of the height which the individual had in his last existence. "The perfected souls considered singly—_êgattêṇa_ (as individuals)—have a beginning but no end, considered collectively—_puhuttêṇa_ (as a class)—they have neither a beginning nor an end. They have no (visible) form, they consist of life throughout, they are developed into knowledge and faith, they have crossed the boundary of the Saṁsâra, and reached the excellent state of perfection." * * * * * Like both the Brâhmaṇs and Buddhists, the Jainas have a series of hells—Nârakas, numbering even which they name— 1. Ratnaprabhâ; 2. Śarkarâprabhâ; 3. Vâlukâprabhâ; 4. Paṅkaprabhâ; 5. Dhûmaprabhâ; 6. Tamaprabhâ; 7. Tamatamaprabhâ. [Footnote: _Ratnasâgara_, bh. II, p. 607; _Jour. As_. u.s. p. 263.] Those who inhabit the seventh hell have a stature of 500 poles, and in each above that they are half the height of the one below it. Everything in the system as to stature of gods and living beings, their ages and periods of transmigration is reduced to artificial numbers. The Jaina Gachhas. About the middle of the tenth century there flourished a Jaina high priest named Uddyotana, with whose pupils the eighty four gachhas originated. This number is still spoken of by the Jainas, but the lists that have been hitherto published are very discordant. The following was obtained from a member of the sect as being their recognised list,—and allowing for differences of spelling, nearly every name may be recognised in those previously published by Mr. H. G. Briggs or Colonel Miles. The Eighty four Gachchhas of the Jainas. [Footnote: Those names marked * are found in Col. Miles's list _Tr. R. A. S._ vol. III, pp. 358 f. 363, 365, 370. Those marked † are included in H. G. Brigg's list,—_Cities of Gujarashtra_, p. 339.]