I have here given you all the illustrations that time will permit me to shew you of chemical affinity producing electricity, and electricity again becoming chemical affinity. Let that suffice for the present, and let us now go a little deeper into the subject of this chemical force, or this electricity--which shall I name first--the one producing the other in a variety of ways? These forces are also wonderful in their power of producing another of the forces we have been considering, namely, that of magnetism; and you know that it is only of late years, and long since I was born, that the discovery of the relations of these two forces of electricity and chemical affinity to produce magnetism have become known. Philosophers had been suspecting this affinity for a long time, and had long had great hopes of success; for in the pursuit of science we first start with hopes and expectations. These we realise and establish, never again to be lost, and upon them we found new expectations of further discoveries, and so go on pursuing, realising, establishing, and founding new hopes again and again. [Illustration: Fig. 51.] [Illustration: Fig. 52.] Now, observe this: here is a piece of wire which I am about to make into a bridge of force--that is to say, a communicator between the two ends of the battery. It is copper wire only, and is therefore not magnetic of itself. We will examine this wire with our magnetic needle (fig. 51); and though connected with one extreme end of the battery, you see that, before the circuit is completed, it has no power over the magnet. But observe it when I make contact; watch the needle--see how it is swung round, and notice how indifferent it becomes if I break contact again; so you see we have this wire evidently affecting the magnetic needle under these circumstances. Let me shew you that a little more strongly. I have here a quantity of wire, which has been wound into a spiral; and this will affect the magnetic needle in a very curious manner, because, owing to its shape, it will act very like a real magnet. The copper spiral has no power over that magnetic needle at present; but if I cause the electric current to circulate through it, by bringing the two ends of the battery in contact with the ends of the wire which forms the spiral, what will happen? Why, one end of the needle is most powerfully drawn to it; and if I take the other end of the needle, it is repelled: so you see I have produced exactly the same phenomena as I had with the bar magnet,--one end attracting, and the other repelling. Is not this, then, curious, to see that we can construct a magnet of copper? Furthermore, if I take an iron bar, and put it inside the coil, so long as there is no electric current circulating round, it has no attraction,--as you will observe if I bring a little iron filings or nails near the iron. But now, if I make contact with the battery, they are attracted at once. It becomes at