He himself defined the object of the operations, but left the method of attaining it to his Commanders, to whom he allowed a large measure of latitude and discretion. He never failed to make use of every incentive which could spur them to action and ensure success. He insisted on the initiative being taken, and risks run, but he was always as generous in case of failure as he was appreciative of good work. He succeeded in inspiring the Admiralty and the War Office with his own spirit and energy, and seconded their efforts with all the resources of the country. The lesson which his practice may teach every Government engaged in war is, that while the Statesmen alone can direct all the Departments of State, and combine Navy, Army, Diplomacy, and Finance to the common end, those responsible for the actual operations must be unfettered in their decisions, and in their method of carrying them out. _Command_ has in the large armies of the present day become rather a _Direction of Operations_, differing essentially in character and execution from the actual _Command of the Troops_. Frederick, Napoleon, and Wellington _commanded_; Moltke and Oyama _directed_ their armies; while it was mainly the Prussian and Japanese Division Commanders who _commanded_ in the true sense in the wars of 1866, 1870, and 1904. Thus we seldom see Moltke and Oyama on the battlefield, where Napoleon, Wellington, and Lee were always to be found. The Subordinate Commander, like the Commander-in-Chief of old times, differs from the Supreme Commander of to-day by the fact that his action on his Command is personal and direct. He is in close touch with his subordinate leaders, knows the condition and spirit of his men, is always among them in person to inspire and control their movements. Troops take their tone from their immediate Commander, and reflect his vigour or hesitation, his confidence or caution. An intuition of his mental attitude seems to pass through all ranks of the Command. On the other hand the Army Commanders, and still more the Commander-in-Chief, are but nebulous figures to the soldiers in a very large Army. Military Command is exercised in three ways, which differ in character and scope. The Supreme and Army Commanders prescribe _Instructions_ to their Subordinate Commanders; the latter issue _Orders_; Commanding Officers of Units give _Words of Command_. The latter method needs no comment. The former modes will now be discussed. INSTRUCTIONS