This people had in all probability a name of which the root was _ab_, _af_, _av_, _ob_, as this root recurs in several European names of Aryan origin. Pictet gives _aball_, _ubhall_, in Erse; _afal_ in Kymric; _aval_ in Armorican; _aphal_ in old High German; _appel_ in old English; _apli_ in Scandinavian; _obolys_ in Lithuanian; _iabluko_ in ancient Slav; _iabloko_ in Russian. It would appear from this that the western Aryans, finding the apple wild or already naturalized in the north of Europe, kept the name under which they had known it. The Greeks had _mailea_ or _maila_, the Latins _malus_, _malum_, words whose origin, according to Pictet, is very uncertain. The Albanians, descendants of the Pelasgians, have _molé_.[1168] Theophrastus[1169] mentions wild and cultivated _maila_. Lastly, the Basques (ancient Iberians) have an entirely different name, _sagara_, which implies an existence in Europe prior to the Aryan invasions. The inhabitants of the _terra-mare_ of Parma, and of the palafittes of the lakes of Lombardy, Savoy, and Switzerland, made great use of apples. They always cut them lengthways, and preserved them dried as a provision for the winter. The specimens are often carbonized by fire, but the internal structure of the fruit is only the more clearly to be distinguished. Heer,[1170] who has shown great penetration in observing these details, distinguishes two varieties of the apple known to the inhabitants of the lake-dwellings before they possessed metals. The smaller kind are 15 to 24 mm. in their longitudinal diameter, and about 3 mm. more across (in their dried and carbonized state); the larger, 29 to 32 mm. lengthways by 36 wide (dried, but not carbonized). The latter corresponds to an apple of German-Swiss orchards, now called _campaner_. The English wild apple, figured in _English Botany_, pl. 179, is 17 mm. long by 22 wide. It is possible that the little apples of the lake-dwellings were wild; however, their abundance in the stores makes it doubtful. Dr. Gross sent me two apples from the more recent palafittes of Lake Neuchâtel; the one is 17 the other 22 mm. in longitudinal diameter. At Lagozza, in Lombardy, Sordelli[1171] mentions two apples, the one 17 mm. by 19, the other 19 mm. by 27. In a prehistoric deposit of Lago Varese, at Bardello, Ragazzoni found an apple in the stores a little larger than the others. From all these facts, I consider the apple to have existed in Europe, both wild and cultivated, from prehistoric times. The lack of communication with Asia before the Aryan invasion makes it probable that the tree was indigenous in Europe as in Anatolia, the south of the Caucasus, and Northern Russia, and that its cultivation began early everywhere. +Quince+—_Cydonia vulgaris_, Persoon.