It is of more ancient introduction into India, for there is a Sanskrit name, and several others, analogous or different, in modern Indian languages.[1627] Bretschneider does not mention the species in China. I do not know of any proof of antiquity of culture in Spain, yet the Castilian name _garbanzo_, used also by the Basques under the form _garbantzua_, and by the French as _garvance_, being neither Latin nor Arabic, may date from an epoch anterior to the Roman conquest. Botanical, historical, and philological data agree in indicating a habitation anterior to cultivation in the countries to the south of the Caucasus and to the north of Persia. The western Aryans (Pelasgians, Hellenes) perhaps introduced the plant into Southern Europe, where, however, there is some probability that it was also indigenous. The western Aryans carried it into India. Its area perhaps extended from Persia to Greece, and the species now exists only in cultivated ground, where we do not know whether it springs from a stock originally wild or from cultivated plants. +Lupin+—_Lupinus albus_, Linnæus. The ancient Greeks and Romans cultivated this leguminous plant to bury it as a green manure, and also for the sake of the seeds, which are a good fodder for cattle, and which are also used by man. The expressions of Theophrastus, Dioscorides, Cato, Varro, Pliny, etc., quoted by modern writers, refer to the culture or to the medical properties of the seeds, and do not show whether the species was the white lupin, _L. albus_, or the blue-flowered lupin, _L. hirsutus_, which grows wild in the south of Europe. Fraas says[1628] that the latter is grown in the Morea at the present day; but Heldreich says[1629] that _L. albus_ grows in Attica. As this is the species which has been long cultivated in Italy, it is probable that it is the lupin of the ancients. It was much grown in the eighteenth century, especially in Italy,[1630] and de l’Ecluse settles the question of the species, as he calls it _Lupinus sativus albo flore_.[1631] The antiquity of its cultivation in Spain is shown by the existence of four different common names, according to the province; but the plant is only found cultivated or nearly wild in fields and sandy places.[1632] The species is indicated by Bertoloni in Italy, on the hills of Sarzana. Yet Caruel does not believe it to be wild here, any more than in other parts of the peninsula.[1633] Gussone[1634] is very positive for Sicily—“on barren and sandy hills, and in meadows (_in herbidis_)” Lastly, Grisebach[1635] found it in Turkey in Europe, near Ruskoï, and d’Urville[1636] saw it in abundance, in a wood near Constantinople. Castagne confirms this in a manuscript catalogue in my possession. Boissier does not mention any locality in the East; the species does not exist in India, but Russian botanists have found it to the south of the Caucasus, though we do not know with certainty if it