This form (_Emmer_, or _Aemer_ in German), cultivated for starch chiefly in Switzerland, resists a hard winter. It contains two grains in each little ear, like the true spelt. Heer[1839] attributes to a variety of _T. dicoccum_ an ear found in a bad state of preservation in the lake-dwellings of Wangen, Switzerland. Messicommer has since found some at Robenhausen. It has never been found wild; and the rarity of common names is remarkable. These two circumstances, and the slight value of the botanical characters which serve to distinguish it from _Tr. spelta_, lead to the conclusion that it is an ancient cultivated variety of the latter. +3. One-grained Wheat+—_Triticum monococcum_, Linnæus. The one-grained wheat, or little spelt, _Einkorn_ in German, is distinguished from the two preceding by a single seed in the little ear, and by other characters which lead the majority of botanists to consider it as a really distinct species. The experiments of H. Vilmorin confirm this opinion so far, for he has not yet succeeded in crossing _T. monococcum_ with other spelts or wheats. This may be due, as he says himself, to some detail in the manner of operating. He intends to renew his attempts, and may perhaps succeed. [In the _Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France_, 1883, p. 62, Mr. Vilmorin says that he has not met with better success in the third and fourth years in his attempts at crossing _T. monococcum_ with other species. He intends to make the experiment with _T. bœoticum_, Boissier, wild in Servia, of which I sent him some seeds gathered by Pancic. As this species is supposed to be the original stock of _T. monococcum_, the experiment is an interesting one.—AUTHOR’S NOTE, 1884.] In the mean time let us see whether this form of spelt has been long in cultivation, and if it has anywhere been found growing wild. The one-grained wheat thrives in the poorest and most stony soil. It is not very productive, but yields excellent meal. It is sown especially in mountainous districts, in Spain, France, and the east of Europe, but I do not find it mentioned in Barbary, Egypt, the East, or in India or China. From some expressions it has been believed to be the _tiphai_ of Theophrastus.[1840] It is easier to invoke Dioscorides,[1841] for he distinguishes two kinds of _zeia_, one with two seeds, another with only one. The latter would be the one-grained wheat. Nothing proves that it was commonly cultivated by the Greeks and Romans. Their modern descendants do not sow it.[1842] There are no Sanskrit, Persian, or Arabic names. I suggested formerly that the Hebrew word _kussemeth_ might apply to this species, but this hypothesis now seems to me difficult to maintain.