Hence this barley should be one of the forms cultivated by Semitic and Turanian peoples. Yet it has not been found in Egyptian monuments. It seems that the Aryans must have known it, but I find no proof in vernacular names or in history. Theophrastus[1856] speaks of the two-rowed barley. The lake-dwellers of Eastern Switzerland cultivated it before they possessed metals,[1857] but the six-rowed barley was more common among them. The variety in which the grain is bare at maturity (_H. distichon nudum_, Linnæus), which in France has all sorts of absurd names, _orge à café_, _orge du Pérou_ (coffee barley, Peruvian barley), has never been found wild. The fan-shaped barley (_Hordeum Zeocriton_, Linnæus) seems to me to be a cultivated form of the two-rowed barley. It is not known in a wild state, nor has it been found in Egyptian monuments, nor the lake-dwellings of Switzerland, Savoy, and Italy. +Common Barley+—_Hordeum vulgare_, Linnæus. The common barley with four rows of grain is mentioned by Theophrastus,[1858] but it seems to have been less cultivated in antiquity than that with two rows, and considerably less than that with six rows. It has not been found in Egyptian monuments, nor in the lake-dwellings of Switzerland, Savoy, and Italy. Willdenow[1859] says that it grows in Sicily and in the south-east of Russia, at Samara, but the modern floras of these two countries do not confirm this. We do not know what species of barley it was that Olivier saw growing wild in Mesopotamia; consequently the common barley has not yet been found certainly wild. The multitude of common names which are attributed to it prove nothing as to its origin, for in most cases it is impossible to know if they are names of barley in general, or of a particular kind of barley cultivated in a given country. +Six-rowed Barley+—_Hordeum hexastichon_, Linnæus. This was the species most commonly cultivated in antiquity. Not only is it mentioned by Greek authors, but it has also been found in the earliest Egyptian monuments,[1860] and in the remains of the lake-dwellings of Switzerland (age of stone), of Italy, and of Savoy (age of bronze).[1861] Heer has even distinguished two varieties of the species formerly cultivated in Switzerland. One of them answers to the six-rowed barley represented on the medals of Metapontis, a town in the south of Italy, six centuries before Christ. According to Roxburgh,[1862] it was the only kind of barley grown in India at the end of the last century. He attributes to it the Sanskrit name _yuva_, which has become _juba_ in Bengali. Adolphe Pictet[1863] has carefully studied the names in Sanskrit and other Indo-European languages which answer to the generic name barley, but he has not been able to go into the details of each species.