The ancient Greeks and Romans cultivated the lettuce, especially as a salad. In the East its cultivation possibly dates from an earlier epoch. Nevertheless it does not appear, from the original common names both in Asia and Europe, that this plant was generally or very anciently cultivated. There is no Sanskrit nor Hebrew name known, nor any in the reconstructed Aryan tongue. A Greek name exists, _tridax_; Latin, _latuca_; Persian and Hindu, _kahn_; and the analogous Arabic form _chuss_ or _chass_. The Latin form exists also, slightly modified, in the Slav and Germanic languages,[404] which may indicate either that the Western Aryans diffused the plant, or that its cultivation spread with its name at a later date from the south to the north of Europe. Dr. Bretschneider has confirmed my supposition[405] that the lettuce is not very ancient in China, and that it was introduced there from the West. He says that the first work in which it is mentioned dates from A.D. 600 to A.D. 900.[406] +Wild Chicory+—_Cichorium Intybus_, Linnæus. The wild perennial chicory, which is cultivated as a salad, as a vegetable, as fodder, and for its roots, which are used to mix with coffee, grows throughout Europe, except in Lapland, in Marocco, and Algeria,[407] from Eastern Europe to Afghanistan and Beluchistan,[408] in the Punjab and Kashmir,[409] and from Russia to Lake Baikal in Siberia.[410] The plant is certainly wild in most of these countries; but as it often grows by the side of roads and fields, it is probable that it has been transported by man from its original home. This must be the case in India, for there is no known Sanskrit name. The Greeks and Romans employed this species wild and cultivated,[411] but their notices of it are too brief to be clear. According to Heldreich, the modern Greeks apply the general name of _lachana_, a vegetable or salad, to seventeen different chicories, of which he gives a list.[412] He says that the species commonly cultivated is _Cichorium divaricatum_, Schousboe (_C. pumilum_, Jacquin); but it is an annual, and the chicory of which Theophrastus speaks was perennial. +Endive+—_Cichorium Endivia_, Linnæus.