Twice a year the sheriff visited each hundred in the county to hold a turn, a court for small offenses, such as encroachment of public land, brewing and baking contrary to government regulations, and use of dishonest weights and measures. Everyone who held freehold land in the hundred except the greater magnates had to attend or be fined for absence. The sheriff annually viewed frankpledge, in which every layman without land that could be forfeited for felony, including villeins, were checked for being in a tithing, a group of neighbors responsible for each other's good conduct. This applied to every boy who had reached the age of twelve. He had to swear on the Bible "I will be a lawful man and bear loyalty to our lord the King and his heirs, and I will be justiciable to my chief tithing man, so help me God and the saints." Each tithing man paid a penny to the sheriff. The sheriff was the judge in his turn. Coordinate with the sheriff's turn was a leet court, which had private jurisdiction over the same small offences. If a county or a hundred court gave a false judgment, it had to pay a fine. Manorial courts were those in which a lord had for his tenants. It was presided over by the lord, or his steward, who decided the outcomes of cases, with or without the villeins attending it, based on the customs of the manor. It had a civil jurisdiction, and dealt typically with land issues and minor offenses, such as, actions when the amount at stake is less than 40 s., of debt, detinue, trespass and covenant. 40s. was the equivalent of around 13 oxen or 80 sheep. Usually, the lord's court had a single manor with a single vill. The cities and boroughs, having a degree of organization and independence, had municipal courts whose jurisdiction was determined by privileges.given by charter from the king or by prescription of ancient origin. Court was held by the sheriff, and after a time by its mayor, at the borough's weekly meeting of its burgesses. The burgesses would take the profits of the court and the tolls and house-rents that had been paid to the sheriff. Still in existence is the old self-help law of hamsocne, the thief hand-habbende, the thief back-berend, the old summary procedure where the thief is caught in the act, AEthelstan's laws, and Edward the Confessor's laws. Under the name of "actio furti" [appeal of larceny] is the old process by which a thief can be pursued and goods vindicated. As before and for centuries later, deodands were forfeited to the king to appease God's wrath. These chattel which caused the death of a person were usually oxen, carts, cart teams, horses, boats, cauldrons, or millwheels. Then they were forfeited to the community, which paid the king their worth. Sometimes the justices named the charitable purpose for which the deodand was to be spent, such as the price of a boat to go to the repair of a bridge. Five cases from a county court are: