Our Legal Heritage: King AEthelbert - King George III, 600 A.D. - 1776: June 2011 (Sixth) EditionReilly, S. A.
History
Our Legal Heritage: King AEthelbert - King George III, 600 A.D. - 1776: June 2011 (Sixth) Edition
Reilly, S. A.
Law -- England -- History
Parliament soon was required to meet at least once a year at the Great
Hall at Westminster located beside the royal palace. London paid its
representatives 10s. per day for their attendance at Parliament. From
the time of Edward II, the counties paid their knight- representatives
4s. daily, and the boroughs paid their burgess- representatives 2s.
daily. When it convened, the Chancellor sat on the left and the
Archbishop of Canterbury on the right of the king. Just below and in
front of the king his council sits on wool sacks brought in for their
comfort from wool stored nearby. It answers questions. Behind them on
the wool sacks sit the justices, who may be called upon to give legal
advice, e.g. in framing statutes. Then come the spiritual and lay
barons, then the knights, and lastly the elected burgesses and citizens.
Lawmaking became a function of Parliament, of which the King's council
is a part, instead of a function of the king with his council and
justices. The common people now had a voice in lawmaking, though
legislation could be passed without their consent. The first legislation
proposed by the commons was alteration of the forest laws governing the
royal pleasure parks. Such a statute was passed in a bargain for taxes
of a percentage of all movables, which were mostly foodstuffs and
animals. The king offered to give up the royal right to tax merchandise
for a new tax: customs on exports. The barons and knights of the county
agreed to pay an 11th, the burgesses, a 7th, and the clergy a 10th on
their other movables. In time, several boroughs sought to be included in
the county representation so they could pay the lower rate. This new
system of taxation began the decline of the imposition of feudal aids,
knights' fees, scutages, carucage, and tallage, which had been
negotiated by the Exchequer with the reeves of each town, the sheriff
and county courts of each county, and the bishops of each diocese.
The staple [depot or mart, from the French "estaple"] system began when
the export of wool had increased and Parliament initiated customs duties
of 6s.8d. on every sack of wool, woolfells [sheepskin with wool still on
it], or skins exported in 1275. These goods had to be assessed and
collected at certain designated ports. Certain large wool merchants, the
merchants of the staple, were allowed to have a monopoly on the purchase
and export of wool. Imports of wine were taxed as tunnage as before,
that is there was a royal right to take from each wine ship one cask for
every ten at the price of 20s. per cask.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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