Our Legal Heritage: King AEthelbert - King George III, 600 A.D. - 1776: June 2011 (Sixth) EditionReilly, S. A.
History
Our Legal Heritage: King AEthelbert - King George III, 600 A.D. - 1776: June 2011 (Sixth) Edition
Reilly, S. A.
Law -- England -- History
Most villeins were now being called "customary tenants" or "copy-
holders" of land because they held their acres by a copy of the
court-roll of the manor, which listed the number of teams, the fines,
the reliefs, and the services due to the lord for each landholder. The
Chancery court interpreted many of these documents to include rights of
inheritance. The common law courts followed the lead of the Chancery and
held that copyhold land could be inherited as was land at common law.
Evictions by lords decreased.
The difference between villein and freeman lessened but landlords
usually still had profits of villein bondage, such as heriot, merchet,
and chevage.
Social mobility was most possible in the towns, where distinctions were
usually only of wealth. So a poor apprentice could aspire to become a
master, a member of the livery of his company, a member of the council,
an alderman, a mayor, and then an esquire for life. The distance between
baron and a country knight and between a yeoman and knight was wider.
Manor custom was strong. But a yeoman could give his sons a chance to
become gentlemen by entering them in a trade in a town, sending them to
university, or to war. Every freeman was to some extent a soldier, and
to some extent a lawyer, serving in the county or borough courts. A
burgess, with his workshop or warehouse, was trained in warlike
exercises, and he could keep his own accounts, and make his own will and
other legal documents, with the aid of a scrivener or a chaplain, who
could supply an outline of form. But law was growing as a profession.
Old-established London families began to choose the law as a profession
for their sons, in preference to an apprenticeship in trade. Many
borough burgesses in Parliament were attorneys.
A class of laborers was arising who depended entirely on the wages of
industry for their subsistence. The cloth workers in rural areas were
isolated and weak and often at the mercy of middlemen for employment and
the amount of their wages. When rural laborers went to towns to seek
employment in the new industries, they would work at first for any rate.
This deepened the cleavage of the classes in the towns. The artificers
in the town and the cottagers and laborers in the country lived from
hand to mouth, on the edge of survival, but better off than the old, the
diseased, the widows, and the orphans. However, the 1400s were the most
prosperous time for laborers considering their wages and the prices of
food. Meat and poultry were plentiful and grain prices low.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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