Outlines of a Critical Theory of EthicsDewey, John
Philosophy
Outlines of a Critical Theory of Ethics
Dewey, John
Ethics
Kant recognizes that the identity of duty and inclination is not a
natural fact, but is the ideal. However, he understands by ideal
something which ought to be, but is not. Morality is ever a struggle
to get desire into unity with law, but a struggle doomed, by its very
conditions, not to succeed. The law is the straight line of duty, which
the asymptotic curve of desire may approximate, but never touch. An
earthly taint of pleasure-seeking always clings to our wants, and makes
of morality a striving which defeats itself.
The theory that morality lies in the realization of individuality
recognizes that there is no direct, or natural, identity of desire and
law, but also recognizes that their identification is not an impossible
task. The problem is solved in the exercise of function, where the
desires, however, are not unclothed, but clothed upon. Flowing in the
channel of response to the demands of the moral environment, they
unite, at once, social service and individual freedom.
LXXIII.
The Means of Moralization.
This practical end of the unification of desire and duty, in the play
of moral interests, is reached, therefore, so far as the desires
are socialized. A want is socialized when it is not a want for its
own isolated and fixed satisfaction, but reflects the needs of the
environment. This implies, of course, that it is bound by countless
ties to the whole body of desires and capacities. The eye, in seeing
for itself, sees for the whole body, because it is not isolated but,
through its connections, an organ of a system. In this same way, the
satisfaction of a want for food, or for commercial activity, may
necessitate a satisfaction of the whole social system.
But how shall this socialization of wants be secured? It is in
answering this question that we are brought again to a point already
discussed at length: the moral bearings of intelligence. It is
intelligence that is the sole sure means of taking a want out of the
isolation of merely impulsive action. It is the passing of the desire
through the alembic of ideas that, in rationalizing and spiritualizing
it, makes it an expression of the want of the whole man, and thus of
social needs.
To know one's self was declared by Socrates, who first brought to
conscious birth the spirit of the moral life, to be the very core
of moral endeavor. This knowledge of self has taken, indeed, a more
circuitous and a more painful path, than Socrates anticipated. Man has
had, during two thousand years of science, to go around through nature
to find himself, and as yet he has not wholly come back to himself--he
oftentimes seems still lost in the wilderness of an outer world. But
when man does get back to himself it will be as a victor laden with the
spoils of subdued nature. Having secured, in theory and invention, his
unity with nature, his knowledge of himself will rest on a wide and
certain basis.
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