Outlines of a Critical Theory of EthicsDewey, John
Philosophy
Outlines of a Critical Theory of Ethics
Dewey, John
Ethics
A function thus includes two sides--the external and the internal--and
reduces them to elements in one activity. We get an analogy in
any animal function. The digestive function includes the material
appropriated, just as much as it does the organ appropriating. It is
the service, the work which the organ does _in_ appropriating material.
So, morally, function is capacity _in action_; environment transformed
into an element in personal service.
Thus we get another formula for the moral end:
The performance by a person of his specific function, this function
consisting in an activity which realizes wants and powers with
reference to their peculiar surroundings.
XXXIV.
Moral Functions as Interests.
If morality consists in the exercise of one's _specific_ functions, it
follows that no _detailed_ account of the content of the moral end can
possibly be given. This content is thoroughly individual or infinite.
It is concrete to the core, including every detail of conduct, and this
not in a rigid formula, but in the movement of life. All we can do is,
by abstraction, to select some of the main features of the end, such as
the more common and the more permanent. While each individual has his
own particular functions, which can no more be exhausted by definition
or description than the qualities of any other individual object, it is
also true that we can recognize certain typical functions to be found
permanently and in all. These make, as it were, the skeleton of the
moral end which each clothes with his own flesh and blood.
Functions are _interests_--objective interests were not the term
tautological. Interests have three traits worth special mention.
1. They are _active_. An interest is not an emotion produced from
without. It is the reaction of the emotion to the object. Interest is
identified, in ordinary speech, with attention; we _take_ an interest,
or, if we say simply 'interested,' that involves some excitation,
some action just beginning. We talk of a man's interests, meaning his
occupations or range of activities.
2. They are _objective_. The emotion aroused goes out to some object,
and is fixed upon that; we are always interested _in something_. The
active element of interest is precisely that which takes it out of the
inner mood itself and gives it a terminus, an end in an object.
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