10. Character of Language Employed by the Popes Against Kings (8th century).--[As a sample of the arrogant language employed by the popes toward kings and emperors, we present the following taken from an epistle of Pope Gregory III, addressed to the eastern emperor Leo III. Leo at the time was opposing with commendable zeal the use of images in divine worship]: "Because you are unlearned and ignorant, we are obliged to write to you rude discourses, but full of sense and the word of God. We conjure you to quit your pride, and hear us with humility. You say that we adore stones, walls and boards. It is not so, my lord; but those symbols make us recollect the persons whose names they bear, and exalt our grovelling minds. We do not look upon them as gods; but if it be the image of Jesus, we say, 'Lord help us.' If it be his mother, we say, 'pray to your Son to save us.' If it be a martyr, we say, 'St. Stephen, pray for us.' We might as having the power of St. Peter, pronounce punishments against you, but as you have pronounced the curse upon yourself, let it stick to you. You write to us to assemble a general council; of which there is no need. Do you cease to persecute images, and all will be quiet. We fear not your threats; for if we go a league from Rome toward Campania, we are secure."--Certainly this is the language of anti-Christ supporting idolatry by pretenses to infallibility, and despising both civil magistrates and ecclesiastical councils.--Milner (Church History, Vol. III, Page 159). REVIEW. 1. Was the early church organization perpetuated? 2. What reasons can you assign for the failure to do so? 3. What can you say of the early apostasy in the church? (Notes 1, 2). 4. What course was pursued by the apostles in respect to organizing churches? 5. In what light were the apostles regarded by the saints? 6. In what condition were the churches left at the death of the apostles? 7. Was there such a thing as subordination among the churches, or rank among the bishops? 8. What was the manner of electing bishops? {159} 9. What was the nature of the bishop's duties in the early churches? (Note 3). 10. Describe the growth of iniquity among the bishops. 11. Give an account of the origin of metropolitan bishops. 12. Describe the rise and influence of councils. (Note 4). 13. What was the conduct of the lower officials in the church? 14. What was the moral status of the church officials in the 2nd and 3rd centuries? 15. Tell what important change was made in the form of church government in the 4th century? 16. Describe the outlines of Roman government under Constantine. 17. Tell how the church government was made somewhat to correspond with it. 18. What circumstances led to the pre-eminence of the bishop of Rome? 19. What reasons can be urged against the idea that the bishop of Rome succeeded to the apostleship of Peter and the presidency of the universal church?