13. What effect did the Crusades have on the feudal system of land tenure and liberty? {228} 14. What did this enlarged liberty prepare the people for? 15. What event is usually considered the beginning of the Reformation? 16. Give an account of the birth and parentage of Martin Luther. 17. What schools did he attend and with what result? 18. What effect was produced by his visit to Rome? 19. State the origin of indulgences. 20. What doctrine respecting the efficacy of Christ's blood was advanced by Pope Clement VI? 21. What doctrine is held by the Roman Catholic church about the atonement of Christ for sin? 22. Of what did the temporary punishments for sin usually consist--that is, in early times? 23. What changes were made later? 24. Describe the traffic in indulgences. 25. What excuse was made by the pope for the vigorous sale of indulgences in the 16th century? 26. Who hawked indulgences in the part of Germany where Luther lived? 27. What was the character of Tetzel? (Note 5.) 28. In what spirit was Luther's controversy with Tetzel regarded at Rome? 29. What aroused the pope from his indifference? 30. In what way did meet the difficulty? 31. What course was pursued by Cardinal Cajetan and what was the result? 32. What difference in respect to authority to be appealed to in the settlement of controversy existed between Luther and the cardinal? 33. What act of Leo X led Luther to appeal to a general council? 34. State what two parties existed in the Roman Catholic church and what their difference. 35. Describe how the controversy on free will arose. 36. State the respective positions of Eckius and Carolstadt in the controversy. 37. What discussion arose between Luther and Eckius after the debate on free will? 38. What position did Eckius take in relation to the supremacy of the pope? 39. What was Luther's position? 40. What was the effect of the discussion? 41. Relate the circumstance of Luther's excommunication. 42. How did Luther treat the bull of excommunication? (Notes 6 and 7.) 43. State how Luther came to be summoned before the diet at Worms. {229} 44. What two questions confronted Luther at the diet? 45. How did he answer them? 46. By what means was Luther protected from the vengeance of the pope? 47. What at last called him from his retirement? 48. Who succeeded Leo X? 49. What demand was made upon Pope Hadrian by the German princes? 50. What event prevented the assembling of the council? 51. What course did Pope Clement VII follow? 52. How did the death of Frederic, the Wise, and the succession of John, his brother, affect the Reformation? 53. What did John's course threaten to produce? 54. What circumstance prevented it? 55. Relate what transpired at the diet at Spire. 56. By what means did the German emperor decide to settle the religious controversy in his realm? 57. State what you can of the Augsburg confession of faith.