Outlines of Educational DoctrineHerbart, Johann Friedrich
Philosophy
Outlines of Educational Doctrine
Herbart, Johann Friedrich
Education -- Philosophy
The subjects of fatigue and school hygiene have now grown to
unexpected dimensions. Many periodicals are devoted to them, while
the volume of literature bearing upon them has passed the stage where
one person can be expected to command it all. In his “Bibliography
of School Hygiene,” published in the “Proceedings of the National
Educational Association for 1898,” Professor William H. Burnham
enumerates four hundred and thirty-six standard works, articles, and
journals dedicated to this cause. Many of these books, like those of
Eulenberg and Bach, or Burgerstein and Netolitzky, comprise hundreds
of pages, being based on extended experiment and research.
133. The time properly belonging to instruction must not be scattered.
The deep-rooted practice of assigning two hours per week to one study
and two hours to another, each lesson separated from the next by an
interval of two or three days, is absurd, because incompatible with
continuity of presentation. Of course, if the teacher can stand this
arrangement, the pupils will have to endure it.
The subjects of instruction must be taken up in order that each may
have its share of continuous time. To give a whole term to each is not
always practicable; frequently shorter periods will have to suffice.
Again, one subject must not be split into several, according to the
names of its branches. If, for example, we should set apart separate
hours for Greek and Roman antiquities and again for mythology in
addition to the time designated for the reading of ancient authors,
separate hours for the systematic survey of the branches of knowledge
besides those reserved for German in the highest class of the
gymnasium, separate hours for analytic geometry alongside of algebra,
we should tear asunder where we ought to join together, and should
dissipate the time at our disposal.
Saving time depends on methods better than these,--on proficiency in
presenting a subject and skill in conducting recitations.
Despite the protest here entered, German schools still adhere to the
plan of presenting many subjects simultaneously, few hours per week
being devoted to each. American schools are fairly free from the
reproach, it being an exception to find standard subjects taught less
than four or five times per week.
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