I can not doubt that even the grandest and most highly developed of these ruins--the Casas Grandes themselves, which look today as if constructed wholly of massive masonry--no less than the simplest plastered stockade walls, were developed from such beginnings as the mere mud-plastered cane and stockade screens of the ancient rancheria builders. Thus, I am constrained to render the primary meaning of _héshotapoane_ as approximately "mud-plastered cane and stick structure;" from _heliwe_, mud mortar; _shówe_, canes or reeds; _táwe_, wood, or _tátawe_, wood-posts; _póa_, to place (leaningly or closely) over against; and _ne_, (any) thing made. From this, the generic term _héshota_, for walled structure (especially ruined wall-structures), would very naturally have been derived, and this might or might not have given rise to the use of the prefix _he_, as occurring in all names for _mortar-laid_ walls. Again, the names in Zuñi, first, for a room of a single-story structure, and, second, for an inner room on the ground floor of such or of a terraced structure, are (1) _télitona_, "room or space equally inclosed," that is, by four equal or nearly equal walls; and (2) _téluline_, "room or space within (other rooms or) an inclosure." Both of these terms, although descriptive, may, from their specific use, be attributed to single-story rancheria origin, I think, for in the cliff villages there was no ground-floor room. The name for a lowermost room in the cliff villages still seemingly survives in the Zuñi name for a cellar, which is _ápaline_, from _a_, rock, and _páloiye_, buried in or excavated within; while the cliff name for an upper room or top-story room, _óshtenu‘hlane_, from _óshten_, a cave-shelter or cave roof, and _ú‘hlane_, inclosed by, or built within the hollow or embrace of, also still survives. Yet other examples of diversely derived house-names in this composite phraseology might be added, but one more must suffice. The Zuñi name for a ladder is _‘hlétsilone_, apparently from _‘hléwe_, slats (_‘hléma_, slat), and _tsilulona_, hair, fiber, or osier, entwined or twisted in. This primary meaning of the name would indicate that before the ladder of poles and slats was used, rope ladders were commonly in vogue, and if so, would point unmistakably to the cliffs as the place of its origin; for many of the cliff dwellings can not now be reached save by means of ropes or rope ladders. Yet, although the name for a stairway (or steps even of stone or adobe) might naturally, one would suppose, have been derived from that of a ladder (if ladders were used before stairs, or vice versa if the reverse was the case), nevertheless it has a totally independent etymology, for it is _íyechiwe_, from _íkŏiyächi_, forked log or crotch-log, and _yéhchiwe_, walking or footing-notched; that is, notched step-log or crotch.