After each one of the panels had been treated in the same manner by the same operator, the black cloths were assembled on one large board and photographed. A definite standard of chalking was made up, and the operator was enabled to put down opposite the report on each panel the degree of chalking which had taken place, No. 1 representing the least amount and No. 10 the greatest amount of chalking. =Degree of Whiteness Shown by Panels.= It was a very simple matter to gauge the whiteness of the various panels, by comparing them with a series of standard boards painted with three coats of white paint. Florence Brand, New Jersey zinc oxide, was used as the standard for whiteness and termed "No. 1." In making "No. 2" standard, to the zinc oxide was added .01% of lampblack. By adding .02% of lampblack to the zinc, standard "No. 3" was obtained, and so on, increasing the amount of lampblack in each case by .01%. These standards were run up to "No. 30," and the various panels on the different fences compared with them. The degrees of whiteness are recorded in progressive numbers, No. 1 being the standard for whiteness and No. 30 the darkest. The Atlantic City panels ranged from 3 to 8 in the scale of whiteness, while the Pittsburg panels required the use of the entire range of standards. =Resistance to Abrasion.= The apparatus used for determining the abrasion resistance of a paint was made of a glass tube about six feet long, having an internal bore of 7/8 inch. This was supported in an upright position over a dish which held the panel under test at an angle of 45 degrees. The abrasive material consisted of No. 00 emery, which was dropped into the tube through a funnel having a bore of 5 mm. When the emery reached the bottom of the long tube it scattered itself so as to strike a surface on the panel about an inch in diameter. The emery was constantly poured in until the paint coating had worn away, showing the bare wood. The weight in pounds of emery powder required to show the disruption of the coating is recorded and reported as the measure of the "abrasion resist." The panel requiring the greatest weight of emery to cause abrasion is evidently the most resistant to abrasion. Paint is often subjected to serious abrasion, through the blowing of sand, especially at the seashore, and to withstand such action should contain a proportion of pigments especially resistant to abrasion, such as silica, zinc oxide, asbestine, and barytes. [Illustration: Apparatus for Determining the Abrasion Resistance of Paints] [Illustration: Formula No. 1, A. C.] [Illustration: Formula No. 2, A. C.] [Illustration: Formula No. 3, A. C.] [Illustration: Formula No. 4, A. C.] [Illustration: Formula No. 5, A. C.] [Illustration: Formula No. 6, A. C.] NOTE: The author wishes to acknowledge the assistance of Dr. J. A. Schaeffer in the preparation of the photomicrographs herewith shown. [Illustration: Formula No. 7, A. C.]