Papers and Proceedings of the Thirty-Fourth Annual Meeting of the American Library Association: Held at Ottawa, Canada, June 26-July 2, 1912
Science
Papers and Proceedings of the Thirty-Fourth Annual Meeting of the American Library Association: Held at Ottawa, Canada, June 26-July 2, 1912
American Library Association; Library science -- Congresses
The economic necessity for law precedes the legal expression. The need
for a statute is felt long before it is formulated. This is readily
recognized by political economists and lawyers. Judge Dicey, in his
book entitled, "Law and opinion in England," (Lond. 1905, p. 367) says:
"A statute * * * is apt to reproduce the public opinion, not so much of
today as of yesterday." Since a legislative reference library is busied
with the process of law-making, rather than with the administration or
interpretation of law, the trend will be toward the economic headings
rather than the legal. The tendency of law is to crystallize, and
subjects legal in aspect are likely to be complete in themselves, and
therefore less amenable to library purposes. As an example, a subject
heading such as "Eminent domain" is legal in its nature. This will be
used in the main body of the catalog without a doubt. It may have cross
references of both a legal and an economic nature. At the same time
"Eminent domain" may be used as a subdivision of economic headings,
such as "Railroads," "Street railways," "Telegraphs," and "Telephones."
This shows how the legal aspect of an economic question may be brought
directly in touch with the economic phase of the question. Another
example is "Liquor problem;" as it is used in the subject headings, it
is an economic question, yet we use the subdivision "Illegal traffic"
which includes purely a legal phase. "Discrimination," a legal term,
will cross refer to some specific form under an economic heading such
as "Railroads--Rebates." It is often necessary to refer from some
rather popular headings to legal forms, such as "Funeral expenses, see
Estates of deceased persons." Again it may be necessary to mix the two
with a heading such as "Ethics--Business and professional," with cross
references from legal headings, such as "Professional ethics," "Legal
ethics," "Medical ethics," etc. The general conclusion reached is that
there is likely to be either subdivisions or cross references back and
forth from any type of heading to any other type, with one exception,
namely, an economic subdivision of a legal heading. In our experience
in Wisconsin, we have not found this combination of headings either
necessary or advantageous. This fact but emphasizes what has already
been said, that law once established, becomes permanent and fixed in
character.
Geographical divisions as main headings should be used sparingly,
but geographical subdivisions of subjects are very helpful. Primary
election laws, road laws, tax laws, will all be more available if
divided by states, not only in the classification, but in the subject
heading. If clearness or rapidity of service demand subdivisions, they
should be made, even though there be few cards under each subdivision.
Many helpful suggestions for subject headings and cross references may
be obtained from law indexes, law encyclopedias, and the New York index
of legislation.
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