_R. Drescher._ Das Leben Jesu bei Paulus. _Eberhard Vischer._ Der Apostel Paulus und sein Werk. _Julius Schniewind._ Die Begriffe Wort und Evangelium bei Paulus (The Meaning of the Terms “Word” and “Gospel” in Paul’s Writings.) 1911. _Adolf Deissmann._ Paulus, eine kultur- und religionsgeschichtliche Skizze. (Paul, A Sketch with a Background of Ancient Civilisation and Religion.) _Johannes Müller._ Die Entstehung des persönlichen Christentums der paulinischen Gemeinden. (How the personal Christianity of the Pauline Churches arose.) THE dawn of the twentieth century found Pauline scholarship in a peculiar frame of mind. The criticism of the Ultra-Tübingen critics had not succeeded in disquieting it, nor Holtzmann in reassuring it. That the problems by which Loman, Steck, and van Manen were tormented were mere cobwebs of the imagination was so completely taken for granted that in dealing with the Pauline teaching no further attention was paid to them. On the other hand, however, the problems previously recognised by critical scholarship had not been so completely solved by Holtzmann that they could be considered as done with. The disquisitions in which in his “New Testament Theology” he resumed the results of the whole study of the subject since Baur, did not have the effect which he had expected. They were much discussed and much praised; the massive learning and wide reading, the art of the literary treatment and the subtlety of the dialectic compelled admiration. But behind all this chorus of appreciation, a certain sense of depression made itself felt. People were dismayed to find that Paulinism was so complicated, and that the web of Paul’s thought must be so delicately and cautiously handled if it was to be disentangled. Was the doctrine of the Apostle of the Gentiles really a product of such extremely intricate mental processes as it was here represented to be? The process of disillusionment did not go so far as to lead to the calling in question of the fundamental view there offered. But results were not put forward with [pg 154] the same confidence as before; effort was directed rather to strengthen them by revision and correction.