77 _Über das Verhältnis des Apostels zu Philo,_ an appendix to his work on _Die alttestamentlichen Zitate bei Paulus,_ 1895, pp. 80-98. See also Carl Siegfried, _Philo von Alexandria als Ausleger des alten Testaments an sich selbst und nach seinem geschichtlichen Einfluss betrachtet_ (“Philo of Alexandria as an Expositor of Scripture, considered both in Himself and in Regard to his Historical Influence”), 1875, 418 pp. In pp. 304-10 thoughts and passages are cited from Paul which are supposed to show affinity with Philo. The resemblance is, however, so general and colourless that it cannot be considered as proving anything. The author quotes the passages without drawing any conclusion. 78 Ernst Curtius in the essay cited above defends the historicity of Acts xvii. 79 W. Gass, _Geschichte der christlichen Ethik,_ 1881, vol. i. 457 pp. On Paul, pp. 34-38. Theobald Ziegler, _Geschichte der christlichen Ethik,_ 1886, 593 pp. On Paul, pp. 72-90. 80 Fr. Th. L. Ernesti, _Die Ethik des Apostels Paulus,_ 1868, 155 pp.; 3rd ed., 1880. 81 The Christian character of Seneca’s thought was remarked as early as Tertullian, who in _de Anima,_ xx., when he quotes a phrase from him, describes him as “saepe noster.” Augustine and Jerome know of a correspondence between Seneca and the Apostle. From the literature we may mention the following works: Amédée Fleury, _Saint Paul et Sénèque. Recherches sur les rapports du philosophe avec l’apôtre et sur l’infiltration du Christianisme naissant à travers le paganisme,_ 2 vols., 1853, 404 and 383 pp. Seneca is supposed to have drawn on Paul. At the end of the second part the correspondence between them is printed. The work is uncritical in character. Johann Kreyher, L. _Annaeus Seneca und seine Beziehungen zur Urchristentum_ ( . . . and his relations with early Christianity), 1887, 198 pp. Seneca is supposed to have had some relations with Christianity in Rome even before the Apostle’s coming, and thenceforward to have entered into a close relationship with him. Charles Aubertin, _Étude critique sur les rapports supposés entre Sénèque et St Paul,_ 1857, 442 pp. All connexion between Seneca and Christianity is denied. In the work of Michael Baumgarten, _Lucius Annaeus Seneca und das Christentum_ (1895, 368 pp.) no connexion between Seneca and Paul is admitted. 82 See Theodor Zahn, _Der Stoiker Epiktet und sein Verhältnis zum Christentum._ A Rectorial address at Erlangen, 1894, 27 pp. The lecture offers proof that in spite of many resemblances of expression and in spite of his acquaintance with Christianity, the teaching of Epictetus contains nothing which really connects it with the new religion. Inconceivable as it may appear, even the _Meditations_ of Marcus Aurelius—of the second half of the second century—have been sometimes cited to prove the Greek character of Paul’s religious thought. 83 Theodor Simon, _Die Psychologie des Apostels Paulus,_ 1897, 118 pp. A leisurely analysis of the material.