Lavender water 4 qts. Rose water 1 pint. Glacial acetic acid ½ lb. To be stained a bluish color with indigo-carmine. ORANGE-FLOWER VINEGAR. Orange-flower water 4 qts. Glacial acetic acid 7 oz. MALLARD’S TOILET VINEGAR. Tincture of benzoin 1½ oz. Tincture of tolu 1½ oz. Oil of bergamot 150 grains. Oil of lemon 150 grains. Oil of neroli 30 grains. Oil of orange peel ½ oz. Oil of lavender 15 grains. Oil of rosemary 15 grains. Tincture of musk 15 grains. Concentrated acetic acid 21 oz. Alcohol 4¾ lb. TOILET VINEGAR (FRENCH FORMULA). Oil of bergamot 30 grains. Oil of lemon 30 grains. Oil of rose 8 drops. Oil of neroli 5 drops. Benzoin 75 grains. Vanillin 15 grains. Concentrated acetic acid ½ oz. Alcohol ½ lb. Macerate for two weeks, and filter. VINAIGRE POLYANTHE. Glacial acetic acid 7 oz. Tincture of benzoin 1¾ oz. Tincture of tolu 1¾ oz. Oil of neroli 150 grains. Oil of geranium 150 grains. Water 2 qts. To be stained with tincture of krameria (rhatany). CHAPTER XVI. DRY-PERFUMES. As a matter of course, dry perfumes are of greater antiquity than fluid; aromatic substances require merely to be dried in order to retain their fragrance permanently. The oldest civilized people known in history—Egyptians, Assyrians, Persians, Babylonians, and the Jews, as numerous passages in the Bible prove—used dried portions of plants, leaves, flowers, and resins as perfumes and incense. To this day there is kept up quite a trade in Valeriana celtica, a strong-scented Alpine plant, and in powdered amber, with the Orient, where they are used for scent bags and incense respectively. The Catholic Church retains to the present time the Jewish rite of burning incense, and in our museums will be found urns, taken from Egyptian graves, from which pleasant odors escape even now after nearly four thousand years, owing to the aromatic resins with which they are filled. It is said, too, that the delightful volatile odors of our handkerchief perfumes were first prepared by an Italian named Frangipanni conceiving the idea of treating a dry mixture of different aromatic plants with alcohol and thus imparting the odor they contained to the latter.