_Second Position._—Straighten the arms, turn the palms inward and then downward, and lastly out, all the while keeping the fingers interlocked. Roll the shoulders and arms into supination, and extend the neck, as in the attitude of the second position of the figure. Retain this position for a moment, then reverse slowly back into the first position. When the fingers cannot be held in this position, start by holding a loop of cord in the hands, instead of interlocking the fingers. This exercise is particularly valuable for projecting the chest forward, stretching the shortened ligaments, and drawing in the abdomen. Care should be taken to have the chin pressed backward when the arms are brought downward and turned outward. =Shoulder and Back Exercises= (Figs. 40, 41).—_First Position._—Stand erect, with the feet together, and both arms extended on a plane with the shoulders, so that in the first position the left arm is extended directly in front of the body and the right arm on the same plane directly behind the body. The arms must be held rigidly on the same plane. [Illustration: Fig. 34.—Shoulder-blade exercise. Number 2.] [Illustration: Fig. 35.—Respiratory exercise. First position.] [Illustration: Fig. 36.—Respiratory exercise. Second position.] [Illustration: Fig. 37.—Respiratory exercise. Third position.] [Illustration: Fig. 38.—Exercise for forward projection of chest and retraction of abdomen. First position.] [Illustration: Fig. 39.—Exercise for forward projection of chest and retraction of abdomen. Second position.] [Illustration: Fig. 40.—Shoulder and back exercises. First position.] [Illustration: Fig. 41.—Shoulder and back exercises. Second position.] [Illustration: Fig. 42.—Leg exercises. First position.] [Illustration: Fig. 43.—Leg exercises. Second position.] [Illustration: Fig. 44.—Squatting exercises for muscles of spine and abdomen.] _Second Position._—By a circular movement, the position of the left arm is assumed by the right, and vice versa. During the entire movement the feet must be kept firmly planted on the floor, pivoting at the hips only, while making the continuous circular movement of the arms. These movements consist in a torsion of the body around the axis of the spinal column, and to these can be added deep inspirations from left to right, with expirations from right to left. In addition to the effect on the circulation, the respiratory movements keep up the nutrition and efficiency of the lungs, which in old age undergo a kind of atrophy, and also maintain the elasticity of the chest-walls, which are apt to become stiff through disuse, and so interfere with the movements of the lungs and pleura. =Leg Exercises= (Figs. 42, 43).—_First Position._—Stand erect, with the hands resting on the hips and the legs crossed at the knees, with the right foot in front, as shown in the figure.