“Now, the Arkan, the ‘pillars’ upon which the rite stands, are six in number,[FN#7] viz.:— “1. Al-Ihram (‘rendering unlawful’), or the wearing pilgrim garb and avoiding certain actions. “2. Al-Wukuf, the ‘standing’ upon Mount Arafat. “3. The Tawaf al-Ifazah, or circumambulation of impetuosity.[FN#8] [p.283] “4. The Sai, or course between Mounts Safa and Marwah. “5. Al-Halk; tonsure (of the whole or part) of the head for men; or taksir, cutting the hair (for men or women).[FN#9] “6. Al-Tartib, or the due order of the ceremonies, as above enumerated. “But Al-Sai (4), may either precede or follow Al-Wukuf (2), provided that the Tawaf al-Kudum, or the circumambulation of arrival, has previously been performed. And Halk (5) may be done before as well as after the Tawaf al-Ifazah (3). “Now, the Wajibat (requisites of pilgrimage, also called ‘Nusuk’) are five in number, viz.:— “1. Al-Ihram, or assuming pilgrim garb, from the Mikat, or fixed limit.[FN#10] “2. The Mabit, or nighting at Muzdalifah: for this a short portion, generally in the latter watch, preceding the Yaum al-Nahr, or victim-day, suffices. “3. The spending at Muna the three nights of the ‘Ayyam al-Tashrik,’ or days of drying flesh: of these, the first is the most important. “4. The Rami al-Jimar, or casting stones at the devil: and— “5. The avoiding of all things forbidden to the pilgrim when in a state of Ihram. “Some writers reduce these requisites by omitting the second and third. The Tawaf al-Wida’a, or the circumambulation of farewell, is a ‘Wajib Mustakill,’ or particular requisite, which may, however, be omitted without prejudice to pilgrimage. “Finally, the Sunnat of pilgrimage are many in number. Of these I enumerate but a few. ‘Hajj’ should precede ‘Umrah.’ The ‘Talbiyat’ should be frequently ejaculated. The ‘Tawaf al-Kudum’ must be performed on arrival at Meccah, before proceeding to Mount Arafat.[FN#11] The two-bow prayer should follow [p.284] Tawaf. A whole night should be passed at Muzdalifah and Muna.[FN#12] The circumambulation of farewell must not be forgotten,[FN#13] and the pilgrim should avoid all sewn clothes, even slippers.” Section I.—Of Ihram. “Before doffing his laical garment, the pilgrim performs a total ablution, shaves, and perfumes himself. He then puts on a ‘Rida’ and an ‘Izar,[FN#14]’ both new, clean, and of a white colour: after which he performs a two-bow prayer (the ‘Sunnat’ of Al-Ihram), with a sotto-voce Niyat, specifying which rite he intends.[FN#15] “When Muhrim (i.e. in Ihram), the Moslem is forbidden (unless in case of sickness, necessity, over-heat, or unendurable cold, when a victim must expiate the transgression),—