[65] _New Atlantis_, Cambridge University Press, 1900, p. 22. [66] _Ibid._, p. 24. [67] Pp. 44, 45. [68] P. 43. [69] P. 34. [70] J. M. Robertson, preface to _Philosophical Works_. [71] Robert Adamson, article “Bacon,” _Encyclopædia Britannica_. [72] Cf. preface to _Memoirs of a Revolutionist_. [73] _Novum Organum_, i, 81. [74] _Advancement of Learning_, p. 207. [75] _Ibid._, p. 131. [76] _Advancement of Learning._, bk. i. [77] Professor Woodbridge, class-lectures. [78] Turgenev, in _Fathers and Children_. [79] This division into saints and sinners must be taken with reservations, of course. In many respects Descartes belongs to the second group, and in some respects James and Comte belong to the first. But the dichotomy clarifies, if only by exaggeration. [80] L. Ward, _Pure Sociology_, p. 16. [81] Buckle, _History of Civilization_, i, 138. [82] Special acknowledgment for some of the material of this chapter is due to R. A. Duff, _Spinoza’s Political and Ethical Philosophy_, Glasgow, 1903. [83] _Tractatus Theologico-politicus_, ch. 17. [84] _Tractatus Theologico-politicus_, ch. 1. [85] _Will to Power_, vol. i, § 95. [86] Cf. Duff, _op. cit._, pref.: “It can be shown that Spinoza had no interest in metaphysics for its own sake, while he was passionately interested in moral and political problems. He was a metaphysician at all only in the sense that he was resolute in thinking out the ideas, principles, and categories which are interwoven with all our practical endeavor, and the proper understanding of which is the condition of human welfare.” [87] _Ethics_, bk. iv, prop. 7. [88] _Tractatus Theologico-Politicus_, v, 2. [89] _Ibid._, ch. 16. [90] _Ethics_, bk. iv, prop. 58, schol. [91] _Tractatus Theologico-politicus_, i, 5. [92] _Ethics_, bk. i, appendix. [93] _Ibid._, bk. iv, prop. 18, schol. [94] _Ethics_, bk. iv, prop. 3. [95] _Ibid._, cor. [96] _De Intellectus Emendatione._ [97] _Ethics_, bk. iv, appendix, § 9. [98] _Tractatus Theologico-politicus_, ch. 10. [99] _Ibid._, ch. 19. [100] _Ibid._, ch. 8. [101] _Tractatus Theologico-politicus_, ch. 16. [102] _Ethics_, bk. iv, prop. 18, schol. [103] _Ibid._ [104] _Ibid._, bk. iv, prop. 24. [105] Bk. iv, def. 8. [106] _Tractatus Theologico-politicus_, ch. 6, § 1. [107] _Ethics_, bk. iv, prop. 35, schol. [108] _Tractatus Theologico-politicus_, ch. 5, § 2. [109] _Ibid._, ch. 16. [110] _Ethics_, bk. iv, prop. 37, schol. 2. [111] Contrast Plato: the state (_i.e._, the governing classes) is to the lower classes as reason is to passion. [112] _Tractatus Theologico-politicus_, ch. 3, § 14. [113] _Ethics_, bk. iv, prop. 40. [114] Ch. 20. [115] _Tractatus Theologico-politicus_, ch. 6, § 4. [116] _Tractatus Theologico-politicus_, ch. 6, § 4, ch. 7, § 29. [117] _Ethics_, bk. iv, prop. 35, cor. 1. [118] _Ibid._, cor. 2.