Physiological Researches on Life and DeathBichat, Xavier
Science
Physiological Researches on Life and Death
Bichat, Xavier
Death (Biology); Life (Biology)
From what has been said, then, I believe we may confidently assert,
that in the fœtus the animal life does not exist, and that all
the actions which take place at this age, depend upon the organic
life. The fœtus, indeed, has nothing of the especial character of
the animal. Its very existence is that of the vegetable; and its
destruction can only be said to be that of a living body, not of
an animated being. Thus, in the cruel alternative of sacrificing
the life of the mother, or that of the child, the choice cannot be
doubtful.
The crime of destroying a fellow-creature is much more relative
to his animal, than to his organic life.--We regret the being who
feels, who reflects, who wills, who acts accordingly, and not the
being which breathes, which is nourished, which is the seat of the
circulation and the secretions. It is the former, whose violent
death is accompanied with those images of horror, under which we
look on homicide. In proportion then as in the series of animals,
their intellectual functions diminish, is diminished also the
painful sentiment which we feel at sight of their destruction.
If the blow, which terminates by an assassination the life of a
man, were to destroy his organic life only, and suffer the other
to subsist without alteration, such blow would be regarded with
indifference, would excite neither pity for the victim, nor horror
against the aggressor.
III. _Development of the animal life, education of its organs._
A new mode of existence commences for the infant after birth; a
variety of functions are added to its organic life; their aggregate
become more complicated; their results are multiplied. As for
the animal life, it only begins; and at this period a number of
relations are established between the little individual and what
surrounds him. It is then that every thing assumes with him a
different mode of being, but at this remarkable epoch of the two
lives, where the one is augmented by almost the half, and where
the other commences only, they take upon them both a distinct
character, and the aggrandisement of the first by no means follows
the same laws as the development of the second.
We shall soon remark, that the organs of the internal life attain
at once their perfection, and that from the instant at which they
begin to act, they act with as much precision as they ever will
do. On the contrary, the organs of the external life require a
species of education; they arrive only by degrees at the perfection
which we afterwards see in them. This important difference should
be thoroughly examined. Let us begin by appreciating of what the
animal life at first consists.
In examining the different functions of this life, which start at
once into existence, we shall observe in their development a slow
and graduated progress.--We shall see, that it is insensibly and
by means of a real education that the organs attain a precision of
action.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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