Physiological Researches on Life and DeathBichat, Xavier
Science
Physiological Researches on Life and Death
Bichat, Xavier
Death (Biology); Life (Biology)
For example, I shall first describe the semi-lunar ganglion, as we
do the brain; then I shall examine the branches, among which, is
that by which it communicates with the thoracic ganglions, that is
to say, the great splanchnic; for it is very incorrect to consider
this nerve as giving origin to the ganglion. In the same way, in
the neck and the head, each ganglion will be first described;
then I shall treat of its branches, among which are those of
communications. The arrangement being nearly the same for the
ganglions of the thorax, the pelvis and the loins, the description
of each region will be similar.
This manner of describing the nerves, by placing an evident line
of demarcation between the two systems, exhibits these two systems
such as they really are in nature.
What anatomist, in fact, has not been struck with the differences
that exist between the nerves of these two systems? Those of the
brain are larger, less numerous, whiter, more compact in their
texture and exhibit less variety. On the contrary, the extreme
tenuity, great number, especially towards the plexuses, greyish
colour, remarkable softness of texture and varieties extremely
common are characters of the nerves coming from the ganglions, if
we except those of communication with the cerebral nerves and some
of those which unite together these small nervous centres.
Besides, this division of the general system of the nerves into
two secondary ones, accords very well with that of life. We know
in fact that the external functions, the sensations, locomotion
and the voice are all dependent on the cerebral nervous system;
that on the contrary, most of the organs which perform the internal
functions derive from the ganglions their nerves, and with them
the principle of their action. We know that animal sensibility and
contractility arise from the first, and that where the second alone
are found, there is only organic sensibility and contractility.
I have said that the termination of this kind of sensibility and
the origin of the corresponding contractility are in the organ in
which they are noticed; but perhaps both the termination and origin
are more remote, and are in the ganglion from which the organ
receives its nerves, as the termination of animal sensibility and
the origin of the contractility of the same species are always in
the brain. If it be so, as the ganglions are very numerous, we can
understand why the forces of organic life do not refer, like those
of animal life, to a common centre.
It is evident from these considerations, that there is no great
sympathetic nerve, and that what has been designated by this word
is only an assemblage of small nervous systems, with distinct
functions, but with communicating branches.
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