Physiological Researches on Life and DeathBichat, Xavier
Science
Physiological Researches on Life and Death
Bichat, Xavier
Death (Biology); Life (Biology)
There is an animal sensibility then, and an organic sensibility.
Upon the one depend the phenomena of digestion, circulation,
secretion, exhalation, absorption, and nutrition. It is common
to the plant, and the animal; the Zoophyte enjoys it as perfectly
as the most perfectly organized quadruped. On the other depend
sensation and perception, as well as the pain and pleasure which
modify them. The perfection of animals, if I may so speak, is
in proportion to the quantity of this sensibility, which has
been bestowed upon them. This species of sensibility is not the
attribute of vegetable life.
The difference of these two kinds of sensitive power is
particularly well marked in the manner of their termination, in
the case of violent and sudden death. In such case, the animal
sensibility is at once extinguished; there can no longer be found
any trace of it at the moment which succeeds to strong concussion
of the brain, to great hæmorrhage or asphyxia; but the organic
sensibility survives such accidents more or less. The lymphatics
continue to absorb, the muscle is still sensible to stimuli, the
nails and the hair continue to be nourished, and in consequence
are sensible of the fluids which they imbibe.[20] It is often
a considerable time before all traces of this sensibility are
effaced; the annihilation of the other is instantaneous.
Though at the first glance, the two sensibilities present us so
remarkable a difference, their nature nevertheless appears to be
essentially the same. The one perhaps is only the maximum of the
other, is the same force, but according to its intensity is shown
under different characters. Of this the following observations are
proofs.
There are different parts in the economy, where these faculties
are concatenated, and succeed each other insensibly. The origin of
all the mucous membranes is an example of such parts. We have the
sensation of the passage of aliments in the mouth, and the back
part of it; this sensation becomes weaker at the beginning of the
œsophagus, decreases still towards its middle, and disappears at
its end, as well as in the stomach, where the organic sensibility
only remains. The same phenomena may be observed in the urethra,
&c. In the neighbourhood of the skin, the animal sensibility
exists; it gradually diminishes, however, and becomes organic in
the interior of the system.
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