Physiological Researches on Life and DeathBichat, Xavier
Science
Physiological Researches on Life and Death
Bichat, Xavier
Death (Biology); Life (Biology)
The two are quite distinct in all cases of violent death; such
death annihilates at once the animal contractility, and allows,
for a longer or shorter time, the organic contractility to be
exercised; they are essentially distinct also in all cases of
asphyxia; in these, the first is entirely suspended, the second
remains in activity; lastly they are distinct both in artificial
palsy and in that which is brought on by disease. In these, the
voluntary motions cease; the organic motions are unaltered.
Both the one and the other kind of contractility are connected with
their corresponding kinds of sensibility. They are a consequence of
them. The sensation of external objects puts in action the animal
contractility; before the organic contractility of the heart can be
exercised, its organic sensibility must be excited by the influx of
blood.
Nevertheless, the concatenation of these two kinds of faculties
is not always the same. The animal sensibility may be exercised,
and not be necessarily followed by the exercise of its analogous
contractility. There is a general relation between sensation and
locomotion, but this relation is not direct and actual. On the
contrary, the organic contractility can never be separated from the
sensibility of the same species; the re-action of the excreting
tubes is immediately connected with the action, which the secreted
fluids exercise upon them: the contraction of the heart must
necessarily succeed the influx of the blood into it. But authors
have by no means separated these two things, either in their
considerations or their language. Irritability denotes at the same
time the sensation excited in the organ from the contact of bodies,
and the contraction of the organ in reacting upon its excitants.
The reason of this difference in the relation of the two
sensibilities and contractilities to each other is very simple. In
the organic life, there is nothing intermediate in the exercise
of these two faculties. The same organ is the term, in which the
sensation ends, and the principle from whence the contraction
begins. In the animal life, on the contrary, there exists between
these two acts two intermediate functions, those of the brain
namely, and the nerves, and these by not being brought into action
may interrupt the relation in question.
To the same cause must we refer the following observation. In the
organic life there always exists a rigorous proportion between the
sensation, and the contraction. In the animal life the one may be
exalted or lowered, and the other not affected by such change.
VI. _Subdivision of the Organic contractility into two
Varieties._[30]
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