Physiology and Hygiene for Secondary SchoolsWalters, Francis M. (Francis Marion)
Science
Physiology and Hygiene for Secondary Schools
Walters, Francis M. (Francis Marion)
Physiology
*Tissue Enzymes.*—The important part played by enzymes in the digestion of
the food has suggested other uses for them in the body. It has been
recently shown that many of the chemical changes in the tissues are in all
probability due to the presence of enzymes. An illustration of what a
tissue enzyme may do is seen in the changes which fat undergoes. In order
for the body to use up its reserve fat, it must be transferred from the
connective tissue cells, where it is stored, to the cells of the active
tissues where it is to be used. This requires that it be reduced to the
form of a solution and that it reënter the blood. In other words, it must
be _redigested_. For bringing about these changes a substance identical in
function with the steapsin of the pancreatic juice has been shown to exist
in several of the tissues.
Although this subject is still under investigation, it may be stated with
certainty that there are present in the tissues, enzymes that change
dextrose to glycogen and _vice versa_, that break down and build up the
proteids, and that aid in the oxidations at the cells. The necessity for
such enzymes is quite apparent.
*Summary.*—The digested nutrients are taken up by the capillaries and the
lymph vessels and transferred by two routes to the circulation. In passing
from the alimentary canal into the circulation the more important of the
foods undergo changes which adapt them to the needs of the body. Since
materials are absorbed more rapidly than they are used, means are provided
for storing them and for supplying them to the cells as their needs
require. _Capability of storage is an essential quality of energy-yielding
foods_; and substances, such as alcohol, which lack this quality are not
adapted to the needs of the body. For causing the chemical changes that
occur in the storage of foods, as well as the oxidations at the cells, the
presence of active agents, or enzymes, is necessary.
*Exercises.*—1. In what respects does the absorption of food materials
from the alimentary canal differ from the absorption of a simple liquid by
a solid?
2. In what different ways is the small intestine especially adapted to the
work of absorption?
3. What are the parts of a villus? What are the lacteals? Account for the
name.
4. What part is played by the capillaries and the lacteals in the work of
absorption? How does their work differ?
5. What changes, if any, take place in water, common salt, fat, proteids,
and carbohydrates during absorption?
6. What double purpose is served by the processes of digestion?
7. Trace the passage of proteids, fats, and carbohydrates from the small
intestine into the general circulation.
8. What is the necessity for storing nutrients in the body? Why is it not
also necessary to store up oxygen?
9. In what form and at what places is each of the principal nutrients
stored?
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
Reviews
Reviews
No reviews yet
Be the first to share your thoughts on this work.
Elsewhere in the archive
Join the Discussion
Join the discussion
Sign in to leave a comment or review.
Sign InorCreate an account