Physiology: The Science of the BodyMartin, Ernest G.
Science
Physiology: The Science of the Body
Martin, Ernest G.
Physiology
condition known as jaundice, in which the bile passages become stopped,
usually as the result of inflammation. When one is suffering from this
condition, it is very important that not much fat be included in the
diet; otherwise there is likely to be trouble with indigestion.
In addition to the pancreatic juice and bile there is a secretion known
as intestinal juice which is poured out by small glands scattered along
the wall of the small intestine. These secrete enzymes which convert the
various kinds of sugar into the particular sugar, glucose, which is the
one the body can use. The glands also secrete an enzyme which can carry
on to completion protein digestion. Thus there is ample insurance that
all the foodstuffs shall be made ready for the use of the body.
The next thing in order is for the digested foods to pass from the
digestive cavity into the blood. This process is known as absorption.
The first part of the alimentary tract from which absorption might occur
is the stomach, but, as we have just seen, the process of digestion is
not carried far enough in the stomach to fit the foods for going on into
the blood stream. Absorption from the stomach is, therefore, undesirable
rather than desirable. This is interesting because many condiments,
particularly the hot spices and mustard, irritate the stomach lining in
such a way as to promote absorption through it. Formerly this was looked
upon as an argument in favor of the use of these condiments, but we now
realize that it is rather an argument against them. The same applies to
alcohol. Alcohol irritates the lining of the stomach and produces
absorption through it. Unfortunately for those who desire a
physiological argument in favor of the use of alcohol at meals this is a
disadvantage rather than an advantage. The great region of absorption is
the small intestine, where the digestive process is completed and where,
therefore, absorption can properly go on. As to the method of absorption
not a great deal needs to be said; there is a very delicate membrane
lining the intestine, and just beneath this are the very numerous
capillaries through which the blood is flowing; also in the spaces
between the capillaries is the tissue fluid which drains into the
lymphatic system. The products of protein digestion and glucose pass
through the lining membrane of the intestine and through the capillary
walls directly into the blood stream and are carried along in it. The
digested fats, on the other hand, after passing through the intestinal
lining enter the tissue fluids instead of the blood. Incidentally it
should be noted that they are rebuilt into tiny fat droplets during the
process of absorption, so that what we find in the tissue fluids of the
intestine are true fats and not digestion products of fat. These tiny
fat droplets pass away from the intestine by way of the lymphatic
system. This, as we saw in the last chapter, drains finally through
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